Abstract
Background:It is hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may underlie the relationship between early-life nutrition and child cognitive outcomes. This study aimed to identify dietary patterns associated with the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in children aged 2–3 years.Methods:A validated 120-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires at 2–3 years of age were used to estimate the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients (methionine, folate, choline and vitamins B2, B6, B12) and to quantify mean number of serves consumed of the food groups specified by the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the contribution of each food group and food items to the total intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients. Linear regression was used to test for linear trends in food group servings by nutrient intake quintiles.Results:No child (n = 60) from the Women And Their Children’s Health (WATCH) study consumed the recommended number of serves for all AGHE food groups. Dairy and alternatives (18–44%), discretionary foods (6–33%) and meat and alternatives (6–31%) were the main sources of most one-carbon metabolism nutrients. Most child intakes of one-carbon metabolism nutrients exceeded the nutrient reference values (NRVs), except for the intake of choline, for which the mean intake was 9% below the adequate intake (AI).Conclusion:Dairy and alternatives, discretionary foods and meat and alternatives food groups contributed significantly to the children’s intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients. The children generally had low intakes of meat and alternative foods, which may explain their inadequate intake of choline.
Highlights
It is hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may underlie the relationship between early-life nutrition and child cognitive outcomes
Previous studies have mainly focussed on the analysis of dietary patterns in a cohort related to the intake of a single onecarbon metabolism nutrient during childhood [62, 63]
The use of food composition data from other countries is likely to have reduced the accuracy when estimating child intakes of methionine and choline. This is the first study to analyse dietary patterns related to intakes of multiple one-carbon metabolism nutrients in young children
Summary
It is hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may underlie the relationship between early-life nutrition and child cognitive outcomes. This study aimed to identify dietary patterns associated with the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in children aged 2–3 years. Methods: A validated 120-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires at 2–3 years of age were used to estimate the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients (methionine, folate, choline and vitamins B2, B6, B12) and to quantify mean number of serves consumed of the food groups specified by the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE). Results: No child (n = 60) from the Women And Their Children’s Health (WATCH) study consumed the recommended number of serves for all AGHE food groups. Dairy and alternatives (18–44%), discretionary foods (6–33%) and meat and alternatives (6–31%) were the main sources of most one-carbon metabolism nutrients. Conclusion: Dairy and alternatives, discretionary foods and meat and alternatives food groups contributed significantly to the children’s intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients. The children generally had low intakes of meat and alternative foods, which may explain their inadequate intake of choline
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