Abstract
Accumulating evidence identifies diet and inflammation as potential mechanisms contributing to cardiometabolic risk. However, inconsistent reports regarding dietary inflammatory potential, biomarkers of cardiometabolic health and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk exist. Our objective was to examine the relationships between a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII®), biomarkers of lipoprotein metabolism, inflammation and glucose homeostasis and MetS risk in a cross-sectional sample of 1992 adults. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores derived from an FFQ were calculated. Lipoprotein particle size and subclass concentrations were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Serum acute-phase reactants, adipocytokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines and white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Our data indicate that a more pro-inflammatory diet, reflected by higher E-DII scores, was associated with potentially pro-atherogenic lipoprotein profiles characterised by increased numbers of large very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), small dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and less large LDL and HDL particles (all p < 0.001). Inflammatory profiling identified a range of adverse phenotypes among those with higher E-DII scores, including higher complement component C3 (C3), C-reactive protein (CRP), (both p < 0.05), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations, higher WBC counts and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lower adiponectin levels (all p < 0.001). MetS risk was increased among those with higher E-DII scores (OR 1.37, 95% CI (1.01, 1.88), p < 0.05), after adjusting for potential confounders. In conclusion, habitual intake of a more pro-inflammatory diet is associated with unfavourable lipoprotein and inflammatory profiles and increased MetS risk.
Highlights
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition characterized by a range of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and abdominal obesity thatNutrients 2018, 10, 1033; doi:10.3390/nu10081033 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2018, 10, 1033 is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD)and atherosclerosis [1,2,3,4]
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the cohort according to Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (DII) (E-DII) median are presented in concentrations and higher low density lipoprotein (LDL)-C, triglyceride and glucose concentrations and systolic blood pressure (SBP), relative to those with a less inflammatory diet (
We demonstrated that individuals with higher E-DII scores displayed several features of the MetS including lower high density lipoprotein (HDL)-C concentrations, higher triglyceride and fasting blood glucose concentrations, elevated SBP and larger waist circumference, relative to those with a less inflammatory diet (
Summary
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition characterized by a range of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and abdominal obesity thatNutrients 2018, 10, 1033; doi:10.3390/nu10081033 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2018, 10, 1033 is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD)and atherosclerosis [1,2,3,4]. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1033 is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014 data revealed that prevalence of MetS among US adults was 34.3%, increasing to almost 55% of adults aged 60 years or over [5]. MetS represents a major public health concern. Low-grade, systemic inflammation has been recognised as an important characteristic of the. Accumulating evidence suggests inflammation as a potential mechanism linking diet and cardiometabolic risk [12]. Diet is an important moderator of inflammation, with certain foods and nutrients capable of eliciting immunomodulatory effects [13,14].
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