Dietary Glutamine and Glutamate in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Incidence and Mortality in the United States Men and Women with Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

BackgroundEvidence regarding the potential health effects of dietary amino acids glutamine and glutamate among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is limited. ObjectivesThe aim was to examine dietary glutamine and glutamate in relation to subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality among individuals with T2D. MethodsWe prospectively followed 15,040 men and women with T2D at baseline or diagnosed during follow-up (Nurses' Health Study: 1980–2014 and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study: 1986–2018). Diet was repeatedly assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires every 2–4 y. Associations of energy-adjusted glutamine and glutamate intake, as well as their ratio, with CVD risk and mortality, were assessed using Cox proportional-hazards models with adjustments for demographics, dietary and lifestyle factors, and medical history. ResultsDuring 196,955 and 225,371 person-years of follow-up in participants with T2D, there were 2927 incident CVD cases and 4898 deaths, respectively. Higher intake of glutamine was associated with lower risk of CVD incidence, CVD mortality, and total mortality: comparing extreme quintiles, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were 0.88 (0.77, 0.99), 0.78 (0.65, 0.92), and 0.84 (0.76, 0.92), respectively (all P-trend < 0.05). In contrast, higher intake of glutamate was associated with a higher risk of CVD incidence, CVD mortality, and total mortality; the HRs were 1.30 (1.15, 1.46), 1.46 (1.24, 1.72), and 1.20 (1.09, 1.32), respectively (all P-trend < 0.05). Furthermore, comparing extreme quintiles, a higher dietary glutamine-to-glutamate ratio was associated with a lower risk of CVD incidence (0.84 [0.75, 0.95]), CVD mortality (0.66 [0.57, 0.77]), and total mortality (0.82 [0.75, 0.90]). In addition, compared with participants with stable or decreased consumption of glutamine-to-glutamate ratio from prediabetes to postdiabetes diagnosis, those who increased the ratio had a 17% (5%, 27%) lower CVD mortality. ConclusionsIn adults with T2D, dietary glutamine was associated with a lower risk of CVD incidence and mortality, whereas the opposite was observed for glutamate intake.