Dietary gallic acid influences serum enzymatic parameters and immunological responses in Cyprinus carpio exposed to crowding stress

This study was done to evaluate the effect of different quercetin levels on growth performance, immune responses, antioxidant status, serum biochemical factors, and high-temperature stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total number of 216 common carp with an average weight of 27.21 ± 53 g were divided into 12 tanks (four treatments × three replications) and fed 0 mg/kg quercetin (T0), 200 mg/kg quercetin (T1), 400 mg/kg quercetin (T2), and 600 mg/kg quercetin (T3) for 60 days. There were significant differences in growth performance, and the highest final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed intake (FI) were observed in T2 and T3 (P < 0.05). Different quercetin levels significantly increased complement pathway activity (ACH50) and lysozyme activity both before and after heat stress (P < 0.05). Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in fish exposed to heat stress, but fish fed with a supplemented diet with quercetin showed the lowest levels both before and after heat stress (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly enhanced in fish fed diets supplemented with quercetin in both phases (P < 0.05). Different quercetin levels led to a significant decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) before and after the challenging test (P < 0.05). Glucose and cortisol levels were significantly higher in the control group compared to the other treatments in both phases (P < 0.05). The expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme was markedly upregulated in fish fed with quercetin-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). No marked effects were observed for growth hormone (GR) and interleukin-8 (IL8) (P > 0.05). In conclusion, dietary quercetin supplementations (400-600 mg/kg quercetin) improved growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant status and increased tolerance to heat stress.

Effect of probiotics for common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) based on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities

Modulatory effects of laurel-leaf cistus (Cistus laurifolius) ethanolic extract on innate immune responses and disease resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVO) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, biochemical parameters, hematological indices, liver enzymes, and pathogen resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Triplicate groups of fish (15.36 ± 0.10 g) were fed daily with diets supplemented with TVO at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 percent for 60 days then challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results determined that supplementation of thyme resulted in significantly higher final body weights (FBW) and lower feed conversion ratios (FCR). Furthermore, no mortality was observed in the thyme-supplemented treatments. Regression analysis showed that fish growth parameters were polynomially related to dietary TVO levels. The optimum dietary TVO level, based upon the varied growth parameters, was 1.344 to 1.436%. Digestive enzymes activity, including amylase and protease, significantly increased in fish fed the supplemented diets. The thyme-supplemented diets also significantly increased the biochemical parameters, including total protein, albumin, and acid phosphatase (ACP), compared to the control group. We also observed significant increases in hematological indices, including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) in common carp fed diets containing thyme oil (P < 0.05). Liver enzymes activity including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was also reduced (P < 0.05). Immune parameters, including total protein and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) levels, alternative complement pathway hemolytic (ACH50), lysozyme, protease, and ALP in the skin mucus, and lysozyme, total Ig, and ACH50 in the intestine were higher (P < 0.05) in TVO-supplemented fish. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver were also elevated (P < 0.05) in TVO administered groups. Lastly, thyme-supplementation resulted in higher survival rates after the A. hydrophila challenge compared to the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of thyme oil (1 and 2%) effectively improved fish growth, immune systems, and resistance to A. hydrophila.

The present study was designed to assess the effect of common mallow (Malva sylvestris) extract diet in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) health parameters such as growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, hematological profile, and immunological responses. In addition, we evaluated the possibility of controlling A. hydrophila infection in common carp during the common mallow extract diet (CM). Diets of common carp were supplemented with three different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1 g kg−1) of common mallow extract. They were fed with common mallow diet for 45 days. At the end of feeding, 0.1 g kg−1 CM diet group showed higher final weight and SGR (p ˂ 0.05), whereas the 0.5 g kg−1 CM diet group showed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) lower FCR rate. The digestive enzyme activity experiment was showed that amylase and lipase activity significantly increased (p ˂ 0.05) in 0.5 g kg−1 CM diet. No hematological parameters changed in all experimental groups. Only 0.1 g kg−1 showed significantly decreased level of red blood cell. In immunological response experiment, serum lysozyme activity, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and myeloperoxidase activity significantly increased in different doses of common mallow diet during the 45 days. Result of challenge test with A. hydrophila showed that survival rate in 0.5 and 1 g kg−1 CM diet was significantly lower compared to control. The results elucidated that the CM diet could support nonspecific immune system and growth promoter in common carp. Hence, common mallow can be used in semi-intensive and intensive common carp culture.

Dietary supplementation of olive leaf extract enhances growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and growth related genes expression in common carp Cyprinus carpio

This study is aimed at exploring the effects of Bacillus coagulans NRS 609 on the growth performance, intestinal health, antioxidant activity, and immune response in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by colonizing the intestinal tract with the beneficial strain. Gavage B. coagulans with GFP-tag at 109 CFU/mL into common carp for 7 days. Results indicated that B. coagulans were maintained in the intestine for at least 14 days. Four groups fed B. coagulans at different levels of inclusion, including 0 (CK), 1 × 10 7 (A), 1 × 10 8 (B), and 1 × 10 9 (C) CFU/g of feed for 8 weeks. Experimental groups showed significantly better growth performance than the control ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The treatment groups had higher digestive enzyme activity, villus height, and muscle thickness than the control ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Supplementation with B. coagulans also altered the composition of the intestinal flora. In addition, an enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme and a reduction of malondialdehyde in the liver were observed with the addition of B. coagulans ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Moreover, the cytokines of IL-1β and IL-12, IL-10, and TGF-β, significant upregulation in experimental groups ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Based on the results, the optimal level of B. coagulans was 107 CFU/g in diets for common carp.

Effects of dietary Scote pine (Pinus sylvestris) essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzymes, immunological and antioxidant responses to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Rosemary leaf powder improved growth performance, immune and antioxidant parameters, and crowding stress responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings

Effects of dietary oak (Quercus castaneifolia) leaf extract on growth, antioxidant, and immune characteristics and responses to crowding stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Background: Probiotic bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics are necessary for aquaculture due to the prevalence of recurrent diseases. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of a probiotic combination, including endogenous bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, on the health status of common carp. Methods: The probiotic combination was added to carp basal diets in three treatments, 1 to 3, each containing 106 CFU g-1, 107 CFU g-1, and 108 CFU g-1 probiotic combination, respectively. A fourth group (group 4) was used as a control and received no probiotic treatment for six months. After 3 months, the fish’s growth performance, biochemical indices, and innate immune responses were evaluated. Results: The growth indices, such as the daily growth rate, specific growth rate, condition conversion factor, condition factor, and protein efficiency, significantly improved in treatments 2 and 3 compared to the other groups (P &lt; 0.05). Investigation of complement, lysozyme, and serum bactericidal activity showed that probiotic treatments positively affected the immune system of common carp, with treatments 2 and 3 demonstrating a greater effect (P &lt; 0.05). Biochemical factors were also investigated, showing decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the probiotic treatment group. Moreover, the probiotic treatments resulted in a significant reduction in the activity of liver enzymes AST and ALP compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: A probiotic combination with concentrations of 5 × 107 CFU g-1 and 5 × 108 CFU g-1 of food can positively impact common carp’s growth performance, immune system, and biochemical parameters. As no significant difference was seen between the two concentrations, the lower one is recommended.

Effects of by-products from producing yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) juice as feed additive on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, related gene expression, and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae in juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)

Heredity of stress-related cortisol response in androgenetic common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Tilia tomentosa on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, haematological indices and nonspecific immune indices of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish with an average weight of 4.35 ± 0.16 g were fed a diet supplemented with an aqueous methanolic extract of T. tomentosa at a dose of 0% (control), 0.01%, 0.05% or 0.1% over 45 days. By the end of the study, the final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate were observed to be significantly higher for the 00.1% and 0.1% groups compared with the control group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased in the 0.05% and 0.1% groups compared with the control (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The activities of various digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and trypsin) were also measured and no significant differences were observed compared to the control (P &amp;gt; 0.05). The mean cell volume of the 0.01% group was significantly increased compared to the control (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and increased lysozyme activity was observed in the 0.05% and 0.1% groups. Respiratory burst activity was significantly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) on days 15 and 30 for the 0.1% and 0.05% groups, respectively. No differences were observed for myeloperoxidase activity among the four groups. These results suggest that aqueous methanolic extract of T. tomentosa has a growth-promoting and immunostimulatory effect on common carp.

Effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) extract inclusion in diet on growth performance, innate immunity, immune-related gene expression, and stress response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio