Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global epidemic with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Effective preventive strategies are urgently needed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutraceutical components, a fermented soybean product (ImmuBalance, IMB) and an oligo-lactic acid product (LAP), on the prevention of adenine-induced CKD in mice. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into following experimental groups: negative control; model control; and models treated with IMB at 250 or 1000 mg/kg body weight (BW), LAP at 1000 or 2000 mg/kg BW, and IMB/LAP combinations. The CKD model was established by intraperitoneal injection of adenine daily for 4 weeks, and treatments started 2 weeks before adenine injection and ended after 10 weeks. Compared with the model control, the treatments did not significantly alter the body weight or food intake. Both IMB and LAP, especially their combination, significantly inhibited tubular dilation, tubulointerstitial degeneration or atrophy, interstitial chronic inflammation and acute inflammation in the kidneys of CKD mice, and significantly decreased serum cystatin C levels. IMB or LAP significantly reversed CKD-associated increases of circulating and kidney levels of inflammatory cytokines, circulating levels of kidney injury biomarkers, and kidney levels of stem cell biomarkers, and significantly reversed CKD-associated reduction of cecum Clostridium leptum group. Our results suggest that dietary supplementation of IMB or LAP may significantly delay the development and/or progression of CKD.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a slow and progressive loss of kidney function, and poses serious health problems
We proposed to examine the effects of two novel nutritional components, a specially prepared soybean fermentation product ImmuBalance (IMB) and a unique oligo-lactic acid product (LAP), on inhibiting inflammation and alleviating inflammation-induced kidney damage in a mouse model of adenine-induced CKD [12,13]
Gut microbiota analysis showed that IMB or LAP reversed CKD-associated reduction of Clostridium leptum group and Clostridium coccoides group; the correlation analysis showed significantly negative correlation between histopathology parameters of kidney lesions and gut Desulfovibrio genus or Prevotella genus species
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a slow and progressive loss of kidney function, and poses serious health problems. CKD is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality from noncommunicable diseases, and this disease should be actively addressed to meet the United Nation’s (UN) Sustainable Development Goal target to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable. While inflammation is one of core pathological features of CKD, research data indicate that CKD itself “is recognized as a proinflammatory state” [3] and uremic environment induces inflammation [4] in diverse tissues, generating other diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases. There are many factors that lead to the setting of the inflammatory status in CKD, including increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, chronic and recurrent infections, altered metabolism of adipose tissue, and gut microbiota dysbiosis, an underestimated source of microinflammation [5]
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