Abstract
Problem statement: Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is dramatically increasing in developing countries. Preventive approaches, such as dietary and lifestyle changes can have major health implications to prevent the onset of heart disease. Besides healthy nutrition in the adult life, maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation can also have a significant impact on the outcome of heart disease in the later life of the offspring. Approach: Higher levels of plasma total cholesterol, especially Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of heart disease. We have used various animal models and dietary strategies to investigate the regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. We also manipulated maternal diets during pregnancy and lactation to study the outcome of heart disease in the offspring in later life. Results: Reducing the intake of saturated and trans fatty acids reduce the risk of heart disease, while polyunsaturated fatty acids elicit beneficial health effects. Amongst polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 class of fatty acids, are associated with lower incidence of heart disease however, an increased consumption of omega-6 fatty acids may increase the risk of heart disease. Higher intake of saturated fat during pregnancy and lactation inhibits the gene expression of LDL receptor which leads to an increase in plasma LDL-cholesterol levels of the offspring thereby putting the offspring at a higher risk of heart disease. Conclusion/Recommendations: An optimum ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids is critical to reduce the risk of heart disease. Developing countries need to pay a special attention to dietary guidelines to reduce the burden of heart disease.
Highlights
India’s health worries have shifted from age-old Animal studies have confirmed that feeding high fat problems, such as infectious disease, famine and diets during gestation and lactation leads to malnutrition, towards heart disease, obesity and abnormalities of metabolic pathways of the offspring metabolic syndrome? One of the reasons may be the thereby predisposing the offspring to higher incidence of road to modernization, where a larger number of diseases in later life
A typical Western diet is rich in dietary fat content, especially saturated fatty acids, which is linked to an increased incidence of heart disease (Keys et al, 1965)
These findings suggest that maternal intake of saturated and trans fatty acids may put the offspring at an increased risk of heart disease in later life
Summary
One of the reasons may be the thereby predisposing the offspring to higher incidence of road to modernization, where a larger number of diseases in later life These reports stress the importance populations are trading healthy traditional diets for of nutrition awareness in the general population in India. Dietary fat intake has long been associated with an increased risk of heart disease, where both the quality and the quantity of fat are known to play an important role. On the other hand, are unsaturated, but they can raise total and LDL-cholesterol and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations, similar to the effects of saturated fatty acids, thereby increasing the risk of heart disease (Mensink and Katan, 1992). In certain parts of India, trans fats from hydrogenated vegetable oil, commonly known as vanaspati, are consumed to much greater quantity than in the United States thereby increasing the risk of heart disease
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