Dietary Carotenoids and their Multifaceted Roles in Cancer Prevention

Abstract

Background: Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with dietary and lifestyle factors playing crucial roles in its incidence and prevention. Carotenoids, naturally occurring pigments found in various fruits and vegetables, have garnered attention for their potential anti-carcinogenic properties. These compounds are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which contribute to their cancer-preventing capabilities. Objective: This review aims to systematically examine the evidence regarding the role of dietary carotenoids in cancer prevention, focusing on their mechanisms of action, associated health benefits, and the implications for dietary recommendations. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted, focusing on studies that explored the relationship between dietary intake of carotenoids and cancer risk reduction. The review included peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published up to April 2023. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a focus on observational and intervention studies that provided clear outcomes on cancer incidence and the effects of dietary carotenoids. Results: The evidence suggests that carotenoids such as lycopene, beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin have significant protective effects against various types of cancer, including breast, prostate, and lung cancers. These effects are attributed to the carotenoids' ability to neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate signaling pathways related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. Increased dietary intake of carotenoid-rich foods is associated with a reduced risk of cancer, highlighting the importance of diet in cancer prevention strategies. Conclusion: Dietary carotenoids play a crucial role in cancer prevention, offering protective effects against the development of several cancer types. The findings support the inclusion of carotenoid-rich foods in dietary recommendations as a potential strategy for reducing cancer risk. Future research should focus on understanding the optimal levels of carotenoid intake and exploring the synergistic effects of carotenoids and other bioactive compounds in cancer prevention.