Abstract
BackgroundDiet is a major source of cadmium intake among the non-smoking general population. Recent studies have determined that cadmium exposure may produce adverse health effects at lower exposure levels than previously predicted. We conducted a meta-analysis to combine and analyze the results of previous studies that have investigated the association of dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE database for case-control and cohort studies that assessed the association of dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk. We performed a meta-analysis using eight eligible studies to summarize the data and summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effects model.ResultsOverall, dietary cadmium intake showed no statistically significant association with cancer risk (RR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99–1.22, for highest vs. lowest dietary cadmium group). However, there was strong evidence of heterogeneity, and subgroup analyses were conducted using the study design, geographical location, and cancer type. In subgroup analyses, the positive associations between dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk were observed among studies with Western populations (RR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.08–1.23) and studies investigating some hormone-related cancers (prostate, breast, and endometrial cancers).ConclusionOur analysis found a positive association between dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk among studies conducted in Western countries, particularly with hormone-related cancers. Additional experimental and epidemiological studies are required to verify our findings.
Highlights
Cadmium has been recognized as a carcinogen for many decades based on studies of occupationally exposed individuals [1]
We identified studies examining the association between dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk by searching the database of PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE published up until May 2013
We found an increased risk of prostate (RR = 1.14; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.04–1.24), breast (RR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.04–1.28), and endometrial cancers (RR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.06–1.84) in the highest dietary cadmium group compared with the lowest dietary cadmium group
Summary
Cadmium has been recognized as a carcinogen for many decades based on studies of occupationally exposed individuals [1]. The results of studies investigating the effect of low cadmium levels on human carcinogenesis are inconsistent. Recent studies have investigated the effect of cadmium exposure in the general population and suggested that cadmium may cause adverse health effects at lower exposure levels than previously expected [3]. Dietary cadmium intake could be a risk factor for cancer among certain population subgroups [8]. We conducted a meta-analysis to combine and analyze the results of previous studies that have investigated the association of dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk. The positive associations between dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk were observed among studies with Western populations (RR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.08–1.23) and studies investigating some hormonerelated cancers (prostate, breast, and endometrial cancers). Additional experimental and epidemiological studies are required to verify our findings
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