Abstract
Buglossoides arvensis (Ahiflower) oil is a dietary oil rich in stearidonic acid (20% SDA; 18:4 n-3). The present randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigated the effects of three Ahiflower oil dosages on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of plasma and mononuclear cells (MCs) and of the highest Ahiflower dosage on stimulated cytokine production in blood. Healthy subjects (n = 88) consumed 9.7 mL per day for 28 days of 100% high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO); 30% Ahiflower oil (Ahi) + 70% HOSO; 60% Ahi + 40% HOSO; and 100% Ahi. No clinically significant changes in blood and urine chemistries, blood lipid profiles, hepatic and renal function tests nor hematology were measured. Linear mixed models (repeated measures design) probed for differences in time, and time × treatment interactions. Amongst significant changes, plasma and MC eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) levels increased from baseline at day 28 in all Ahiflower groups (p < 0.05) and the increase was greater in all Ahiflower groups compared to the HOSO control (time × treatment interactions; p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA, 20:4 n-3), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) content; but not docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3). Production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was increased in the 100% Ahiflower oil group compared to 100% HOSO group (p < 0.05). IL-10 production was also increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated M2-differentiated THP-1 macrophage-like cells in the presence of 20:4 n-3 or EPA (p < 0.05). Overall; this indicates that the consumption of Ahiflower oil is associated with an anti-inflammatory phenotype in healthy subjects.
Highlights
The enrichment of diets with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) achieved by the consumption of dietary oils or foods containing these fatty acids is linked to prevention of disease and positive health outcomes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
This benefit is associated with the consumption of the 20-carbon eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and the 22-carbon docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) that are primarily found in seafood and marine oils
The current study describes a randomized, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating the dose response to Ahiflower oil on plasma and circulating mononuclear cells n-3 PUFA content
Summary
The enrichment of diets with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) achieved by the consumption of dietary oils or foods containing these fatty acids is linked to prevention of disease and positive health outcomes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] This benefit is associated with the consumption of the 20-carbon eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and the 22-carbon docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) that are primarily found in seafood and marine oils. Dwindling supplies of marine sources of n-3 PUFAs [17,18,19], and continued demands for n-3 PUFA sources by the aquaculture industry as a feed ingredient, coupled with the increasing desire of consumers to meet EPA and DHA recommended daily intakes have led to current efforts to identify sustainable and efficacious sources of n-3 PUFA Such alternative sources include plant-derived oils that are rich in 18-carbon PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4 n-3). Using a controlled-environment standardized method in stimulated whole blood to measure the functional immune response in humans [37], the current study is the first reported investigation of the impact of SDA-rich oil on stimulated whole blood cytokine and chemokine release in humans
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