Abstract
Dietary advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) form during heating and processing of food products and are widely prevalent in the modern Western diet. Recent systematic reviews indicate that consumption of dietary AGEs may promote inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Experimental evidence indicates that dietary AGEs may also induce renal damage, however, this outcome has not been considered in previous systematic reviews. The purpose of this review was to examine the effect of consumption of a high AGE diet on biomarkers of chronic disease, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), in human randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Six databases (SCOPUS, CINHAL, EMBASE, Medline, Biological abstracts and Web of Science) were searched for randomised controlled dietary trials that compared high AGE intake to low AGE intake in adults with and without obesity, diabetes or CKD. Twelve dietary AGE interventions were identified with a total of 293 participants. A high AGE diet increased circulating tumour necrosis factor-alpha and AGEs in all populations. A high AGE diet increased 8-isoprostanes in healthy adults, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in patients with diabetes. Markers of CKD were not widely assessed. The evidence presented indicates that a high AGE diet may contribute to risk factors associated with chronic disease, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, however, due to a lack of high quality randomised trials, more research is required.
Highlights
Lifestyle factors, such as diets high in fat, sugar and salt, play a key role in the development and progression of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1]
This study considers the effect of a high advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) diet on risk factors for CKD; a highly important consideration given that dietary AGEs may be potentially toxic to the kidneys in individuals susceptible to CKD
The findings of this review suggest that consumption of a high AGE diet increases circulating levels of TNFα and AGEs in healthy individuals and in individuals with chronic disease
Summary
Lifestyle factors, such as diets high in fat, sugar and salt, play a key role in the development and progression of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1]. Two recent systematic reviews that examined the effect of dietary AGE consumption suggest a positive relationship between AGE intake and serum AGE levels, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance [2,3]. These reviews made conclusions based on animal, cohort, and cross-sectional studies rather than examining the true effect of dietary-AGEs on chronic disease markers through RCTs. biomarkers of renal function were not considered and as circulating AGEs are thought to be toxic to the kidney [4,5,6,7,8]. Secondary outcomes of circulating and excreted AGE levels were considered in order to examine associations between dietary AGE consumption, absorption and metabolism
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