Abstract
The effect of the probiotic Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11 (SpPdp11) was studied on the skin healing of experimentally wounded gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Two replicates (n = 12) of fish were fed CON diet or SP diet for 30 days. Half of the fish were sampled while the others were injured and sampled 7 days post-wounding. Results by image analysis of wound areas showed that SpPdp11 inclusion facilitated wound closure. Compared with the CON group, fish in SP group sampled 7 days post-wounding had a significantly decreased serum AST and increased ALB/GLOB ratio. Furthermore, protease and peroxidase activities were significantly increased in skin mucus from fish in SP group sampled 7 days post-wounding, compared with those fed CON diet. Additionally, SP diet up-regulated the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and re-epithelialization related genes in the fish skin. Furthermore, significant decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines expression were detected in fish from SP group, respect to control ones. Overall, SpPdp11 inclusion facilitated the wound healing and the re-epithelialization of the damaged skin, alleviated the inflammatory response in the wound area through intensifying the antioxidant system, and enhancing the neo-vascularization and the synthesis of matrix proteins in the skin wound sites of fish.
Highlights
The vertebrate integument is an organ consisting of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
The present study mainly showed that dietary administration of SpPdp[11] at a dosage of 1 09 cfu g−1 causes an appreciable positive effect on the skin wound healing of experimentally wounded gilthead seabream specimens
We demonstrated that experimental wounds made on the left flank of gilthead seabream, in the central part of the body and below the lateral line were almost closed after 15 days[27]
Summary
The vertebrate integument (skin) is an organ consisting of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Few studies have focused on how nutrition or some functional foods can improve the skin wound healing on fish[13,14,15]. Homing in on the skin immune-related studies, the results on gilthead seabream indicated that dietary administration of SpPdp[11] could increase the skin mucosal immunity, as well as up-regulated gene expression in the skin of different immune-related genes, leading a more robust skin barrier which could be correlated with higher protection against stressors or diseases[19]. Taken into account all these considerations and our previous s tudies[20,22], the aim of the present work is to study the effect of the dietary administration of SpPdp[11] on the skin wound healing of experimentally wounded gilthead seabream (S. aurata) specimens. Gilthead seabream has been selected as a representative species of the Mediterranean aquaculture
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