Abstract
The role of the retail food environment in obesity risk is unclear, which may be due in part to the lack of consideration of individual differences in the responsivity to food cues. This cross-sectional investigation geo-temporally linked the CARTaGENE biobank (including genetic, dietary, lifestyle, and anthropometric data) with in-store retail food environment data to examine interactions between a polygenic risk score (PRS) for obesity and (1) diet quality (n = 6807) and (2) in-store retail food measures (n = 3718). The outcomes included adiposity-related measures and diet quality assessed using the 2010 Canadian-adapted Healthy Eating Index. A vegetable:soft drink ratio was constructed for each retail measure to assess the relative healthfulness of exposures. Generalized linear models adjusted for individual and neighborhood socio-demographic factors were used to evaluate main and interactive effects. Diet quality significantly modified the association between polygenic risk of obesity and body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percent. A significant interaction was also observed between PRS and regular price of vegetables in relation to soft drinks on waist circumference. These results replicate previous reports of diet moderating polygenic risk of obesity and suggest that prices of low vs. high-energy density foods are an intervention target to address population obesity rates.
Highlights
Obesity is a complex phenotype influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors [1].Excess adiposity increases the risk of nearly every chronic condition such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and poor mental health and may decrease one’s lifespan [1].Ingestive behavior is a significant contributor to obesity, with consumption of energy-dense, highly palatable foods being recognized as “problem foods” for weight loss [2]
The modern-day obesogenic food environment poses challenges for healthful eating, with growing evidence implicating the ubiquitous presence of highly palatable foods and food cue stimuli as a contributor to eating behavior and weight gain [3]
Percentage of Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) on display at a given time; Discount, frequency of price promotion; Regular price, regular price per serving; Variety, number of distinct SKUs at point of purchase. Both diet quality and polygenic risk of obesity were independently associated with BMI, waist circumference, and % body fat, and the interactive effect suggests that individuals at high polygenic risk may be most responsive to a healthy diet
Summary
Obesity is a complex phenotype influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors [1].Excess adiposity increases the risk of nearly every chronic condition such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and poor mental health and may decrease one’s lifespan [1].Ingestive behavior is a significant contributor to obesity, with consumption of energy-dense, highly palatable foods being recognized as “problem foods” for weight loss [2]. Obesity is a complex phenotype influenced by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors [1]. Excess adiposity increases the risk of nearly every chronic condition such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and poor mental health and may decrease one’s lifespan [1]. Ingestive behavior is a significant contributor to obesity, with consumption of energy-dense, highly palatable foods being recognized as “problem foods” for weight loss [2]. The modern-day obesogenic food environment poses challenges for healthful eating, with growing evidence implicating the ubiquitous presence of highly palatable foods and food cue stimuli as a contributor to eating behavior and weight gain [3]. As the primary locations for purchasing food, retail food environments may influence the public’s ingestive behaviors and may contribute to obesity risk through the food options available and corresponding financial/marketing factors [4]. Consumer choices and Nutrients 2020, 12, 3349; doi:10.3390/nu12113349 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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