Abstract
Current dietary guidelines for fat intake have not taken into consideration the possible genetic differences underlying the individual variability in responsiveness to dietary components. Genetic variability has been identified in humans for all the known lipid metabolim-related genes resulting in a plethora of candidate genes and genetic variants to examine in diet-gene interaction studies focused on fat consumption. Some examples of fat-gene interaction are reviewed. These include: the interaction between total intake and the 514C/T in the hepatic lipase gene promoter in determining high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism; the interaction between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the 75G/A polymorphism in the APOA1 gene plasma HDL-C concentrations; the interaction between PUFA and the L162V polymorphism in the PPARA gene in determining triglycerides and APOC3 concentrations; and the interaction between PUFA intake and the 1131TC in the APOA5 gene in determining triglyceride metabolism. Although hundreds of diet-gene interaction studies in lipid metabolism have been published, the level of evidence to make specific nutritional recommendations to the population is still low and more research in nutrigenetics has to be undertaken.
Highlights
There is a lot of controversy about which is the best diet to prevent or treat disease (Steinberg D, 2005; Getz et al, 2007; Rioux et al, 2007)
The debate on diet and lipid metabolism and cardiovascular diseases has been dominated by the classic “diet-heart” hypothesis centered in the concept of the promotion of a low-fat diet
In an excellent systematic review, Masson et al (2003) identified 74 relevant articles on dietary intervention studies that had measured the lipid and lipoprotein response to dietary intervention in different genotype groups and 17 reviews on gene-diet interactions. They analyzed the published articles according to seven groups of genetic locus: Apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, and A-IV cluster; ApoB; ApoE; Enzymes; LDLreceptor gene; and other genes, including CETP, fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Summary
Diet-gene interactions between dietary fat intake and common polymorphisms in determining lipid metabolism. Genetic variability has been identified in humans for all the known lipid metabolim-related genes resulting in a plethora of candidate genes and genetic variants to examine in diet-gene interaction studies focused on fat consumption. Some examples of fat-gene interaction are reviewed. Hundreds of diet-gene interaction studies in lipid metabolism have been published, the level of evidence to make specific nutritional recommendations to the population is still low and more research in nutrigenetics has to be undertaken. KEY-WORDS: Diet – Genes – Interaction – Lipids – Nutrigenetics – Polymorphisms
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