Abstract
Allocation to reproduction is based on trade-offs between competing functions and available energy and nutrients. Because fruit is generally protein poor, strict frugivores may require additional protein during periods of investment in young and, in mammals, periods of milk production. Observations of frugivores supplementing their diets with protein-rich insects are accumulating and this is likely an underappreciated common strategy. However, it is unclear if protein augmentation is determined by seasonal abundances of high-protein food or by behavioral changes to navigate physiological demands. We present the 1st study asking if frugivorous bats supplement their diets with insects to obtain required energy and nutrients that could be used for successful reproduction. Using naturally occurring stable isotopes of nitrogen, we examine the roles of fruit versus insects to determine if these frugivorous mammals are truly specialists, we also ask how diet breadth varies with season, sex, and by reproductive state. We test 2 new hypotheses regarding when insect supplementation occurs using the well-studied largely frugivorous Jamaican fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis . The 1st hypothesis suggests protein augmentation occurs seasonally but independent of reproduction (H1). Alternatively, females may supplement their frugivorous diets with insects during the nitrogen-demanding periods of pregnancy and lactation (H2). Finally, we test a 3rd independent hypothesis (H3) that these bats are specialists, consistent with both H1 and H2. We found dietary shifts relative to season, reproductive state, and sex. The largest portion of insect use was by pregnant females. Surprisingly, lactating females did not consistently supplement their diets with insects and exhibited fruit-focused diets. Males exhibited the narrowest dietary breadth and nonreproductive females the greatest. Diet breath of all reproductive groups varied by month. Our data indicate that, while fruits remain an important part of the diet, insects may be an extremely valuable source of nitrogen to females during pregnancy. La asignacion en la reproduccion esta basada en los compromisos entre las funciones, la energia disponible y los nutrientes. Debido a que la fruta es pobre en proteina, los frugivoros estrictos requieren de proteina adicional durante los periodos de crianza, y en mamiferos, durante la produccion de leche. Las observaciones en el suplemento de dieta de los frugivoros que la complementan con insectos, esta pobremente estimada. Sin embargo, no esta claro si el aumento en la proteina esta determinado por abundancias estacionales de comida rica en proteina, o cambios conductuales en las demandas de navegacion fisiologica. Nosotros presentamos el primer estudio en donde se pregunta como los murcielagos frugivoros complementan sus dietas con insectos para obtener la energia y los nutrientes necesarios para tener una reproduccion exitosa. Usando isotopos estables de nitrogeno, comparamos el rol de la fruta vs. insectos para determinar si estos mamiferos frugivoros son verdaderos especialistas, nos preguntamos tambien como la amplitud de la dieta varia con la estacion, sexo, y estado reproductivo. Pusimos a prueba dos nuevas hipotesis concordantes con el suplemento de insectos que ocurre en el ampliamente estudiado murcielago zapotero ( Artibeus jamaicensis ). La primera hipotesis sugiere que el aumento en la proteina ocurre estacionalmente independiente de la reproduccion (H1). De forma alternativa, pusimos a prueba si las hembras complementan sus dietas frugivoras con insectos durante los periodos de demanda de nitrogeno como prenez y lactancia (H2). Finalmente, se puso a prueba una tercera hipotesis independiente (H3), donde estos murcielagos son especialistas de forma consistente con H1 e H2. Encontramos que las dietas cambian de acuerdo con la estacion, etapa reproductiva y sexo. La mayor porcion de insectos fueron usados por hembras prenadas. Sorprendentemente, las hembras en lactancia no complementaron sus dietas consistentemente con insectos y mostraron dietas exclusivas de frutos. Los machos mostraron la dieta mas restringida en amplitud y las hembras no reproductivas la mas amplia. La amplitud de la dieta vario cada mes en todos los grupos reproductivos. Nuestros datos indican que mientras las frutas permanecen como una parte importante de la dieta, los insectos son un recurso invaluable de suplemento de nitrogeno para las hembras durante la etapa de prenez.
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