Diet and cardiometabolic side effects in children treated with second-generation antipsychotics

Abstract

Second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) treatment in children is associated with metabolic side effects including weight gain, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to determine if SGA treatment in children affects dietary intakes and relationship to metabolic side effects. Three-day food records assessed dietary energy and macronutrient intakes in a cross-sectional population of SGA-treated (n=35) and SGA-naïve (n=29) children. SGA-treated children had more overweight/obesity (BMI≥85th percentile for age and sex, p=0.001); waist circumference (WC)≥90th percentile for age and sex (p=0.007); waist:height ratio (WHtR)≥85th percentile for age and sex (p=0.004), greater HOMA-IR, (p=0.001) and plasma triglycerides (p=0.017), and lower plasma HDL (p=0.029). Dietary energy intakes were not different between SGA-naïve and SGA-treated children [1734±486 vs 1971±649 (-135, 408)kcal/day, mean±SD (95% CI)] after adjustments for sex, age, Tanner stage, psychostimulant use, and height. Similarly, no differences in macronutrient intakes were observed. In models adjusted for SGA treatment and physical activity, no relationships between dietary intakes and BMI were found, but dietary total energy intakes were positively associated with waist circumference z-scores (p=0.019), systolic blood pressure z-scores (p=0.028, also adjusted for BMI) and HOMA-IR (p=0.013, also adjusted for age, sex, BMI). All of the children had poor diets with 87.5% having >7% of daily energy from saturated fat; 62.5% having >20% of daily energy from sugar; and almost 60% having sodium intakes above the tolerable upper intake level. SGA treatment is not associated with greater dietary energy intakes in children. However, dietary energy intakes are associated with greater waist circumference and systolic blood pressure z-scores and HOMA-IR in children with mental health conditions.