Abstract
Discussing the topic of the capability of dielectrophoresis (DEP) devices in terms of the selective detection and rapid manipulation of particles based on the DEP force (FDEP) via contactless methods is challenging in medical research, drug discovery and delivery. Nonetheless, the process of the selective detection and rapid manipulation of particles via contactless DEP based on dielectric particles and the surrounding medium can reduce the effects of major issues, including physical contact with the particles and medium contamination to overcome operational difficulties. In this review, DEP microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microelectrodes with a tapered profile for the selective detection and rapid manipulation of particles were studied and compared with those of conventional designs with a straight-cut profile. The main objective of this manuscript is to review the versatile mechanism of tapered DEP MEMS microelectrodes for the purpose of selective detection and rapid manipulation. Thus, this review provides a versatile filtration mechanism with the potential for a glomerular-based membrane in an artificial kidneys’ development solution for implementing engineered particles and cells by lateral attraction as well as vertical repulsion in the development of lab-on-a-chip applications. For tapered DEP MEMS microelectrodes, the scope of this study methodology involved the characterisation of DEP, modelling of the polarisation factor and the dynamic dielectric changes between the particles and medium. Comprehensive discussions are presented on the capability of tapered DEP microelectrodes to drive the selected particles and the simulation, fabrication and testing of the tapered profile. This study revealed an outstanding performance with the capability of producing two regions of high electric field intensity at the bottom and top edges of the side wall of tapered microelectrodes. Observations on particle separation mainly by the lateral attraction force of particles with positive DEP on the y-axis and vertical repulsion force of particles with negative DEP on the z-axis proved an efficient and uniform FDEP produced by tapered electrodes. In conclusion, this study confirmed the reliability and efficiency of the tapered DEP microelectrodes in the process of selective detection and rapid manipulation at a higher efficiency rate than straight-cut microelectrodes, which is significant in DEP technology applications.
Highlights
Each particle has its own physical and chemical properties
Based on the literature review on the straight-cut DEP microelectrodes, most of the work operating strategies are optimally done by positive DEP forces (PDEP) and NDEP related to the lateral attraction or vertical repulsion
At low and high input frequencies, both red blood cells cells (RBC) and platelets were exposed to the same polarisation in NDEP vertical repulsion at the z-axis and PDEP lateral attraction at the y-axis, respectively
Summary
Each particle has its own physical and chemical properties. The uniqueness of these parameters can be used for the separation and manipulation process in mixing different types of particles using the dielectrophoresis (DEP) technique. The use of DEP technology enables the process of particle manipulation and separation to be performed using dielectrophoresis forces (FDEP ) based on the dielectric value between the particles and medium environment. The contactless process of manipulating and separating particles through the DEP method is based on the dielectric value of the particles and medium environment [20,21,22,23,24,25] subject to the input frequency applied, which generates two pole microelectrodes. The CMF value is formulated based on the intrinsic dielectric properties such as the permittivity and conductivity of the particles and medium subjected to the input frequencies applied of the AC electric field. This results in the DEP force appearing to be dominant, followed by electrothermal flows that affect the electrohydrodynamic force in DEP
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