Dielectric-Recovery Characteristics of Large Air Gaps

Abstract

In contrast to power arcs in air, for which the dielectric-recovery voltage decreases with increasing arc current, arcs in air produced by surge currents of several hundred microseconds' duration possess dielectric-recovery characteristics that vary only slightly with current magnitude and wave shape. Even when the discharge current is prolonged at low magnitude for as long as a thousand microseconds, the rate of dielectric recovery is little affected. For this condition at times when current as high as one ampere is flowing, the transient voltage required to convert to a high current arc is quite high. The mechanism for such a discharge is different than for the breakdown of virgin air, and the initial arc drop is sufficiently high to record its transient character. It is about ten times the steady-state value at the time the crest current is reached and drops about 50 per cent in the first 20 microseconds. Photographic studies show that even at short-time intervals successive discharges do not follow exactly the path blazed by the initial discharge but occur in an air column of low dielectric strength expanding radially with time. It is indicated that the high arc temperatures diffusing in this region can be the principal factor determining the rate of recovery after the first 1,000 microseconds. A comparison is made with the mechanism of natural lightning particularly from recent data obtained on the low-magnitude portions of stroke currents between successive components.