Abstract
By the conventional solid state reaction method, a small amount of lithium fluoride (LiF) was used as the sintering promoter to improve the sintering and piezoelectric characteristics of (Ba0.95Ca0.05)(Ti0.93Sn0.07)O3 (BCTS) lead-free piezoceramic sheets. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the inferences of the crystalline and surface microstructures were obtained and analyzed. Then, the impedance analyzer and d33-meter were used to measure the dielectric and piezoelectric characteristics. In this study, the optimum sintering temperature of the BCTS sheets decreased from 1450 °C to 1390 °C due to LiF doping. For the 0.07 wt % LiF-doped BCTS sheets sintered at 1390 °C, the piezoelectric constant (d33) is 413 pC/N, the electric–mechanical coupling coefficient (kp) is 47.5%, the dielectric loss (tan δ) is 3.9%, and the dielectric constant (εr) is 8100, which are all close to or even better than that of the pure undoped BCTS ceramics. The Curie temperature also improved, from 85 °C for pure BCTS to 140 °C for BCTS–0.07 LiF sheets. Furthermore, by using the vibration system and fixing 1.5 g tip mass at the end of the sheets, as the vibration frequency is 20 Hz, the proposed piezoelectric ceramic sheets also reveal a good energy harvesting performance at the maximum output peak voltage of 4.6 V, which is large enough and can be applied in modern low-power electronic products.
Highlights
Ren et al [10] have recently reported that a high piezoelectric constant (d33 ) superior to PbZrTiO3 -based (PZT-based) materials is well established for the ion-modified BaTiO3 ceramics by constructing a tri-critical point at room temperature
The optimal sintering temperature of BCTS sheets was improved from 1450 ◦°C
The optimal sintering temperature of BCTS sheets was improved from 1450 C
Summary
Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have attracted considerable attention because of their good piezoelectric properties, high Curie temperature, and low environmental issues. Ren et al [10] have recently reported that a high piezoelectric constant (d33 ) superior to PbZrTiO3 -based (PZT-based) materials is well established for the ion-modified BaTiO3 ceramics by constructing a tri-critical point at room temperature. It is worth further exploring the relationship between the phase structure and electric properties of BaTiO3 -based ceramics for practical applications. The low melting point of LiF indicates that it may enter a liquid phase during the sintering process, which could probably promote the densification behavior of grains growth at lower temperatures [28,29,30,31]. LiF-doping, tip mass, and vibration frequency on the output peak voltage properties of the BCTS–yLiF sheets were systematically investigated
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