Abstract

Russia's attack on Ukraine in February 2022 has led to a reorganisation of the European security architecture, which is particularly evident in the North and Baltic Sea regions. Europe reacted to the aggression in a united manner and faced up to its geopolitical and humanitarian responsibilities. The European Union (EU) and its member states made a remarkable turnaround in security policy and abandoned hitherto irrevocable principles regarding arms exports and neutrality. Yet the question of how best to manage the direct and indirect costs of the war divides EU member states. Moreover, the persistent challenges posed by matters as diverse as industrial, migration and asylum policy, foreign policy towards China and the climate crisis, have not gone away. The EU must leverage its power so that these can be mastered jointly and proactively.

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