Die theorie der effektiven protektion

Abstract

The Theory of Effective Protection. — This paper offers a comprehensive presentation of the actual position of the theory of effective protection. It is shown that the concept of measurement suggested in connection with this theory rests upon a partial view and that the height and meaning of effective protection rates may change when a conception of general equilibrium is introduced. Further, widenings of the concept are discussed and suggestions made as to how indirect taxes and non-marketable inputs can be taken into consideration. Problems of imperfect competition, especially of the differentiation of products, and of the existence of redundant or prohibitive protection measures are also treated. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the indicativeness of effective protection rates is given. In the case of constant input coefficients, it is possible, with the aid of protection rates and within the limits generally observed in price theory, to explain changes in the structure of gross production. In the case of variable input coefficients, the same is possible if the substitution effects can be integrated into the measuring concept. This would seem to be an empirical rather than a theoretical problem. Effective protection rates cannot — as has been suggested — serve to measure comparative cost advantages. At most, they indicate differences in cost caused by the protective system. For purposes of ascertaining the discrimination of foreign industries, calculation of the effective protection rate should start from nominal, not from realized customs. Applied to individual investment projects, the effective protection rate is able to help in estimating their value from the point of view of national economy.