Abstract
Microbial biofilms show properties not predictable from those of single cells, e.g., the formation of a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with high cell densities, intense intercellular communication, concentration gradients, and structural heterogeneity. The result: a wide variety of habitats and the formation of multispecies microbial consortia. Matrix formation and dispersion, expression of virulence factors, tole — rance to antibiotics, and disinfectants are regulated. These features can be regarded as “emergent properties” of biofilms.
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