Abstract

From 2020 to 2023, Spain was governed for the first time since the Second Republic (1931 – 1939) by a coalition of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE) and the left-wing alliance Unidas Podemos (UP) . Despite, or perhaps because of, their intense legislative work, the political divide between the government and the right-wing opposition deep- ened . In the regional and municipal elections on May 28, 2023, the ruling coalition suf- fered a defeat, leading Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez to call for national elections on July 23, 2023 . The conservative Partido Popular (PP) under Alberto Núñez Feijóo emerged as the strongest force from these elections . However, despite their victory, the PP was unable to form a government majority . Subsequently, the PSOE succeeded in forming a government again, in cooperation with the left-wing alliance Sumar and with the tolerance of various parties, some of which were separatist . This government formation was contingent upon a new and controversial amnesty law, which was crucial for the support of the parties of so-called peripheral nationalism in the election of Sánchez in Parliament . As a result, the political atmosphere in Spain has further deteriorated .

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