Abstract
The aim of this follow-up study was to examine the predictive values of caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline for depression in caregivers and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 1 year later. The Study on Affiliate Stigma in Caregivers of Children with ADHD surveyed the levels of affiliate stigma and depression in 400 caregivers and the behavioral problems of their children with ADHD. The levels of the caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems were assessed 1 year later. The associations of caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline with depression in caregivers and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with ADHD at follow-up were examined using stepwise multiple regression. The results indicated that before caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems at baseline were controlled, caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline positively predicted caregivers’ depression and all children’s behavioral problems. After caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems at baseline were controlled, caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline still positively predicted children’s affective and somatic problems. Parenting training and cognitive behavioral therapy should be provided to caregivers with intense affiliate stigma to prevent emotional problems and difficulties in managing their children’s behavioral problems.
Highlights
The present study found that affiliate stigma at baseline correlated positively with depression at baseline and at follow-up in caregivers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The results of the present study suggest that affiliate stigma indicates depression in caregivers of children with ADHD
This study found that affiliate stigma in caregivers of children with ADHD at baseline can predict depression in caregivers as well as the internalizing and externalizing problems of children with ADHD one year later
Summary
Affiliate Stigma in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders are prone to courtesy stigma [1] and affiliate stigma [2] when managing their children’s behavioral and emotional problems [3]. Courtesy stigma occurs when caregivers are mocked or blamed for their children’s illnesses or difficulties [2]. Caregivers may internalize courtesy stigma and develop negative attitudes toward themselves as part of a phenomenon called “affiliate stigma” [2]. Affiliate stigma may cause caregivers to feel desperate and helpless.
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