Abstract
The concept of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) includes both conventional natural killer (NK) cells and helper ILCs, which resemble CD8+ killer T cells and CD4+ helper T cells in acquired immunity, respectively. Conventional NK cells are migratory cytotoxic cells that find tumor cells or cells infected with microbes. Helper ILCs are localized at peripheral tissue and are responsible for innate helper-cytokine production. Helper ILCs are classified into three subpopulations: TH1-like ILC1s, TH2-like ILC2s, and TH17/TH22-like ILC3s. Because of the functional similarities between ILCs and T cells, ILCs can serve as an innate component that augments each corresponding type of acquired immunity. However, the physiological functions of ILCs are more plastic and complicated than expected and are affected by environmental cues and types of inflammation. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the interaction between ILCs and acquired immunity, including T- and B-cell responses at various conditions. Immune suppressive activities by ILCs in particular are discussed in comparison to their immune stimulatory effects to gain precise knowledge of ILC biology and the physiological relevance of ILCs in human diseases.
Highlights
The concept of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) includes both conventional natural killer (NK) cells and helper ILCs, which resemble CD8+ killer T cells and CD4+ helper T cells in acquired immunity, respectively
Since Cbfβ/Runx complexes are associated with gene loci such as IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, and TIGIT in ILC2s stimulated by IL-33, Runx proteins may directly suppress the phenotype of “exhausted-like” ILC2s in severe or repeated allergic inflammation [149]
natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR)+ ILC3s interact with lung tumor cells and tumor-associated fibroblasts through NKp44, leading to production of TNF-α and LTαβ both of which are critical for lymphoid tissue-inducer (Lti) function
Summary
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a series of lymphocytes that are equipped with the ability to produce innate helper cytokines at the tissue or with innate cytotoxicity [1]. ILC subsets were classified into five groups: natural killer (NK) cell, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue-inducer (Lti) cells. The concept of ILCs mirrors that of acquired cellular immunity composed of CD8+ killer T cells and CD4+ helper T cells (Figure 1) [1]. Helper innate lymphoid cells resembling Treg and Tfh cells have not yet been identified. Id3+ regulatory ILCs in murine intestine were reported to be possible innate counterparts of Treg cells because they produce an immunosuppressive cytokine, IL-10 [9]. NK cells move around the body to find aberrant target cells [11]
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