Abstract
In the present work, dicationic imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated as multi-functional coatings on a zirconia (ZrO2) surface to prevent biofilm formation and enhance the wear performance of zirconia while maintaining the material’s compatibility with host cells. ILs containing phenylalanine and methionine were synthesized and deposited on zirconia. Intermolecular interactions driving IL deposition on zirconia were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Anti-biofilm activity and cell compatibility were evaluated in vitro after one and seven days, and wear performance was tested using a pin-on-disk apparatus. ILs were observed to form strong hydrogen bonds with zirconia. IL containing phenylalanine formed a stable film on the surface after one and seven days in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and artificial saliva and showed excellent anti-biofilm properties against Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus sanguinis. Compatibility with gingival fibroblasts and pre-osteoblasts was maintained, and conditions for growth and differentiation were preserved. A significantly lower coefficient of friction and wear volume loss were observed for IL-coated surfaces as compared to non-coated substrates. Overall, zirconia is an emerging alternative to titanium in dental implants systems, and this study provides additional evidence of the materials’ behavior and IL coatings as a potential surface treatment technology for improvement of its properties.
Highlights
Pure titanium has been the material of choice for oral implants during the last few decades due to their biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and good mechanical properties, resulting in high survival rates of 90.9%–97.7% 15 years post-implantation [1,2]
ionic liquids (ILs) coatings were deposited on the surface of zirconia to investigate their adsorption and deposition profil2e
Dicationic imidazolium-based IL coatings containing phenylalanine (IL1) and methionine (IL2) were found to interact with zirconia surfaces based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, which resulted in a shift to higher BE values for all elements comprising IL and zirconia
Summary
Pure titanium (cpTi) has been the material of choice for oral implants during the last few decades due to their biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and good mechanical properties, resulting in high survival rates of 90.9%–97.7% 15 years post-implantation [1,2]. Titanium has a dark grayish color, which can sometimes be seen through the anterior peri-implant gingiva. This can jeopardize the esthetic outcome and may lead to patient dissatisfaction in some cases [3]. High-strength zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics have garnered attention as a novel, “metal-free” implant technology and alternative materials for the components of dental implant systems. Similar studies have indicated the biocompatibility and appropriate osseointegration of the material; these results are from short-term (less than two years) observations, and extended studies and clinical follow-up are still needed to establish long-term performance [16]
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