DIARY OF WAR: EXISTENTIAL HUMAN EXPERIENCE IN THE WAR

The article analyzes the features of the food supply and distribution system as an essential element of the daily life of the population of Stavropol during the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the study is due to the need to preserve the memory of the participants in the war and the inhabitants of the home front, to study from other methodological positions the features of survival and existence in the years of the most difficult trials of the middle of the 20th century. The practical significance of the study is expressed in the possibility of using its results in the reconstruction of the regional history of everyday life during the Great Patriotic War. The methodological potential of the study is revealed in the possibility of using its material at the level of a higher educational institution, when conducting classes in the history of Russia. The scientific novelty lies in the study, based on archival materials, sources of personal origin, of the features of catering, behavior patterns, domestic and labor daily practices of Soviet society during the Great Patriotic War, taking into account the specifics of the Stavropol region. The results of the study indicate that the food supply, organized in the form of a rationing system during the war, provided only the nutritional needs of only a small part of the population of Stavropol. The majority, the inhabitants of the village, were self-sufficient and survived thanks to their personal plots of land. In the daily existence of residents, especially young people, a constant “sign” of the war years was malnutrition, eating various surrogates, hunger, massive in some areas of the region, led to all sorts of deviations, often - theft, severely punished by the state law enforcement machine.

The 80th anniversary of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War is approaching, which prompts us to pay special attention to veterans of this war. Prosecutor Ivan Grigorievich Grigoriev, who celebrated his centenary in 2024, is one of the few who can share his war memories today. Despite the abundance of commemorative articles about the veteran, there are no publications that would fully cover his life path. Studying his work is not only the duty of our contemporaries, but also an opportunity to study the contribution of the front–line generation of employees at the Prosecutor’s office of Chuvashia to improving its work and strengthening law and order. The purpose of the study is to analyze the biography of Ivan Grigorievich Grigoriev, a prominent representative of the front–line generation of prosecutors of the Chuvash ASSR, based on documentary sources and sources of personal origin. Materials and methods. In the course of the research, the principles of historicism, objectivity and system analysis were adhered to. The sources were interviews with I.G. Grigoriev, materials from his personal archive, documents from the departmental archive of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Chuvash Republic, and publications about I.G. Grigoriev’s anniversaries, articles about him in encyclopedias, as well as monographic studies on the Prosecutor’s Office of the Chuvash Republic. Historical-genetic, historical-comparative and biographical methods of historical research were used in the work. Research results. Beginning with the first years of its existence, the issue of staffing for its successful activities in protecting law and order was acute in the activities of the Prosecutor’s Office of the Chuvash Autonomy. During the Great Patriotic War, little progress made in this issue in the 1930s was negated by the fact that many prosecutors went to the front, staff rotation increased, and there were not enough specialists with higher legal education. Therefore, the arrival of front-line soldiers to work in the prosecutor’s office after the war made it possible to solve the acute problem of the prosecutorial staff shortage. Ivan Grigorievich Grigoriev is a prominent representative of this front-line generation. Coming from a peasant family, he began his career as a rural teacher, but in 1942 he was called up to the military service. He passed his front-line path with dignity, participated in the battles for the liberation of Left-bank Ukraine, the Crimea, Belarus and Poland, the capture of Konigsberg, Danzig and Stettin. On April 3, 1945, his unit met with allied British and American forces near Hamburg. After demobilization in December 1945, he returned to work at school, but soon decided to engage with law enforcement. After graduating from Kazan Law Institute in 1950, he served for 15 years in prosecutor’s offices of the Chuvash ASSR in Urmarsky, Oktyabrsky and Kozlovsky districts, and in 1963 became deputy prosecutor of the Chuvash ASSR. There were brief interruptions in his prosecutorial activities related to the election of Ivan Grigorievich to party positions. He did a lot to improve the staff of the Prosecutor’s Office of Chuvashia. Beginning with 1965 I. G. Grigoriev worked in party and Soviet organs, and only in 1994, at the age of 70, he retired for a well-deserved rest. The veteran even now maintains contact with the staff of the prosecutor’s office, being an example of sincere service to the law and order. Conclusions. Ivan Grigorievich Grigoriev is a prominent representative of the front-line generation of employees at the Prosecutor’s office of Chuvashia. A village teacher, a veteran soldier, he made a great contribution to improving the work of the prosecutor’s office and renewing its staff. His work in party and state bodies contributed to the improvement of their work and systematic development of Chuvashia. The study of his life and work contributes to a more complete understanding of the role that the veterans of the Great Patriotic War played in the development of our country.

The objective of the article was to fill in some gaps in the information about the fate of teachers and students of The First Medical Institute of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War. The source base of the research was the new archival material discovered by the authors, sources of personal origin in the form of recollections of eyewitnesses of the described events, as well as a set of previously published documents and materials related to the topic of the article. The results of the study added the picture of the functioning of the Institute under the Leningrad Blockade, its partial evacuation to the rear areas of the country, clarified the fate of a number of employees and students of the Institute.

This article describes the features of such historical documents as the records/transcripts of direct wire communications. The article begins with the focus on the following: the researchers of the history of the Great Patriotic War have so far paid insufficient attention to the historiographic analysis of such documents. This phenomenon resulted in the fact that historians continued using paperwork documents mainly (battle logs, directives, etc.) for their research. And it did not allow them to move beyond the classical political (military) history. The article also contains the analysis of the main characteristics of the conversation transcripts and provides justification that they mediate between paperwork documents and the sources of private origin. The similarity with the former ones is determined by the fact that the transcripts of direct line telephone talks were created to serve the bureaucratic system. From the sources of personal origin, communication records inherited a direct dialogue form between the speakers. However, beyond certain common features, there are significant differences between transcripts and paperwork documents the latter represent the type of a oneway and formal communication. The key difference from the sources of private origin is that the direct wire talks have been recorded by the third party. The last part of the present article comments on what information a researcher can get by analyzing in detail the contents of this historical source. The findings of the research are supported by numerous examples of Stalin’s activity as the Commander-in-Chief of the state’s Armed Forces during the war. Stalin’s tactical and operational proposals sent to the front command are also assessed. Besides, the article outlines the range of the issues that were in the Supreme Commander’s primary focus and close attention. The author comes to the conclusion that the true scientific evaluation of these transcripts will only become possible after having compared them with other sources on the history of the Great Patriotic War

The article deals with one of the scientific problems of the history of the Great Patriotic War, which is of interest not only for historians, but also for researchers in other humanities: the war events, military campaigns, living conditions of military service in the perception of female front-line soldiers. The study is devoted to the experience of women from Bashkiria who participated in the war, and is based on the sources of personal origin and periodicals. In the course of the study, the author took into account the specifics of various sources, the time and conditions of their occurrence. The author explores the ways of mobilizing women from the republic to the front, their participating in various branches of the military, in military campaigns and military operations. She studies the organization of women’s military service, their accommodation and living conditions, reveals objective and subjective factors that influenced their moral and psychological state in combat reality. Particular attention is focused on the reactions of women to extraordinary events, their relations with commanders and comrades, the peculiarities of their manifestation at various stages of the war, as well as the difficulties they had to face.

Introduction. The proposed article reveals the main difficulties faced by researchers in studying the events of World War II in Ukraine. Namely, how objectively the factual basis of this period was formed. Therefore, the use of new documents allows to overcome the one-sidedness in the coverage of the complexity of hostilities in Ukraine. In this special place may be occupied by the use, still virtually unknown to researchers, the materials of the collections “Russian Archive. Great Patriotic War “, which contains many unique documents directly related to the planning and course of hostilities in Ukraine. Historical works and materials on the history of the Second World War in Ukraine, which were created in Soviet times, do not provide adequate coverage of hostilities, the military-political command of the Red Army and the main political board and many other key moments of this period. Party and state institutions were the monopoly customers for all literature on the history of the war. Documents about the war were distorted during the war. The myth of 10 Stalinist coups is convincing evidence. Many aspects of the documents of the Stake and the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces related to the planning and implementation of defense and offensive operations in Ukraine allow us to trace the main causes of Red Army failures in the campaigns of 1941-1942, as well as Of Ukraine. Their main goal was to demonstrate the crimes of the Nazis and the heroism of the Red Army. Instead, the illiterate, and sometimes just criminal, orders of the Soviet command at the beginning of the war were deliberately ignored. In addition, historians were quite transparently forbidden to touch on many important issues, ie research topics were strictly regulated by official censorship. This was primarily due to the fact that in this way the official circles hid from the public the full truth about the war. The use of any facts with a minus sign was prohibited. The work of historians was severely dependent on official interpretations of certain events, the role of researchers was often reduced to commenting and the ability to illustrate positive results, successes and victories. In addition, Ukrainian historiography was not independent, it developed and existed exclusively in the all-Union party-Soviet channel. It should be noted that this collection of documents was published in a very short time at the end of the perestroika in the conditions of a certain pluralism of the decrepit Soviet regime. But even at that time it was printed in a very small circulation. Analysis and study of virtually unknown sources, which were published in the post-Soviet period and are now classified as “secret”, gives a unique opportunity for modern scientists to objectively reproduce the events of World War II in Ukraine. Purpose. The aim of the article is a detailed study of the documents and materials of the collections of the series “Russian Archive. Red Series” and analysis of the information covered in them in order to obtain more objective facts directly related to the planning and course of hostilities in Ukraine. In order to carefully study the key aspects of large-scale and tragic events of World War II, which took place in Ukraine. In Soviet times, archival documents illustrated the official paradigm of interpretation of the events of World War II in Ukraine. Results. The result of the study is the opportunity to obtain a more complete and objective coverage of the events of World War II in Ukraine thanks to, still virtually unknown researchers, unique materials from the series “Russian Archive. Red Series”. Originality. The scientific novelty of the research results is that the formation and publication of the publication in the early 90’s, thanks to the energy and perseverance of O. Yakovlev is extremely important for researchers, and allows to more accurately recreate the extremely tragic period of World War II. This is especially important given that due to negative for democracy and pluralism views of the development of domestic political processes in the Russian Federation, access to them for researchers, as in the days of totalitarianism is closed again. Collections of a series of documents “Russian Archive. The Red Series” allows modern researchers to give an objective assessment of this period, to trace the true nature of hostilities, the efficiency of the reaction of the Soviet military and political leadership to the changes taking place on the fronts. Conclusion. Thus, the inclusion in the scientific circulation of new documents and materials contained in a series of collections makes it possible to significantly expand the source base for studying the events of World War II in Ukraine and to conduct an objective study of this period. Of particular value is information on important strategic operations, as well as highlighting difficulties and miscalculations in the operational management of troops during defense. It should be noted that the collection includes documents of Soviet governmental and military structures, including the USSR State Defense Committee, the Supreme Command, the People’s Commissariat of Defense, the General Staff, the Front Command and the Army.

In 2020, our country will celebrate a large number of important historical anniversaries. Most significantly, there will be the 75th anniversary since the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War, which ended with the defeat and complete unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany and its allies and satellites. There will also be a lot of important anniversaries associated with the end of the World War II and the victory over Japan and the liberation of European and Asian countries, capitals, important cities, and military operations. As time passes, there remain fewer and fewer living witnesses and participants of those events, so the historical link between generations is gradually broken. A few decades ago, there was no need not to talk in detail about the events of the war – the historical memory of living generations and direct participants kept these events in mind as fundamental and unshakable. Now it is necessary not just to utter general words full of pathos and emotions, but also to specifically name those events and those people the reminiscence of which is gradually fading for various reasons. The approaching anniversary of the great Historical Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War gives rise to intensifying ideological and historical attacks on Russia as the successor of the Soviet Union and attempts to review the results of the war in favor of the current rulers of many countries. In his interview for the program “Moscow. Kremlin. Putin" shown on the Russia-1 TV channel on January 19, 2020, Russian President Vladimir Putin said ‘We must not allow the events of the Great Patriotic War to be forgotten’. An important role in the Victory was played by the country's military economy, and of course, its power industry as a key industry that supported the operation of the national economy and the life of the population. It is hard to imagine all this now. The battle front, military operations, bombing of cities and settlements, transport routes, emergency dismantling of equipment often under enemy fire, evacuation of power plants and the population, and "off-the-wheels" deployment of power enterprises in the Urals and Siberia. All these difficulties fell on the shoulders of the power engineers who had to bear their mission in the Great Patriotic War. It is difficult to tell about all the people and events, so the article focuses on A.I. Letkov and D.G. Zhimerin who headed the industry in those years. Information about P.S. Neporozhny, I.T. Novikov, F.V. Sapozhnikov and some other prominent specialists in power engineering, who began their activities during the war years, is given. The article describes how the industry operated and developed under those extreme conditions and gives the main indicators characterizing the power industry in the war years, and provides some important facts.

В статье исследуется процесс развития добровольных оборонных общественных организаций на территории Хакасской автономной области в послевоенный период. В качестве базового исторического источника выступили архивные источники делопроизводственной направленности, хранящиеся в Национальном архиве Республики Хакасия, а также источники личного происхождения в виде мемуаров. В статье сделаны следующие выводы: 1) в Хакасской автономной области основной задачей деятельности ДОСААФ стало военно-патриотическое воспитание молодого поколения, в том числе на примерах героизма Великой Отечественной войны. Воспитанные в рамках патриотизма молодые люди не только пополнили ряды Советской армии, но и приняли участие в локальных военных конфликтах (1969 г. - советско-китайский конфликт из-за острова Даманский, 1979-1989 гг. - боевые действия в Афганистане); 2) ДОСААФ Хакасии на протяжении 1950-1980-х гг. постоянно развивал свою материально-техническую базу, имея при этом стабильный прирост своих членов. Кроме того, общество стало центром организации военно-прикладных видов спорта, где на регулярной основе проводились спартакиады и соревнования по военно-прикладным видам спорта: преодоление полос препятствий, марш-броски, беговые кроссы с ориентированием на местности, лыжные гонки патрулей со стрельбой, плавание в обмундировании с оружием, наведение кабельной линии связи, фигурное вождение автомобиля и мотоцикла; 3) деятельность добровольных оборонных организаций по подготовке эффективного резерва кадров (объединяющего граждан независимо от социального положения, профессии, пола и возраста) для Вооруженных Сил СССР стала уникальным советским проектом, стартовавшим с начала 1920-х гг. Анализ позитивных результатов в работе ДОСААФ Хакасии имеет существенный аспект, который необходимо учитывать в процессе современной подготовки специалистов для армии России. The article examines the process of development of voluntary defense public organizations in the territory of the Khakass Autonomous Region in the post-war period. Archival sources of record-keeping orientation, stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Khakassia, as well as sources of personal origin in the form of memoirs, served as the basic historical source. The article draws the following conclusions: 1) in the Khakass Autonomous Region, the main task of the Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Navy of Russia (VSAAAN) was the military- patriotic education of the younger generation, including through examples of the heroism in the Great Patriotic War. Young people, brought up within the framework of patriotism, not only joined the ranks of the Soviet Army, but also took part in local military conflicts (1969 - the Soviet-Chinese conflict over Damansky Island, 1979-1989 - fighting in Afghanistan); 2) VSAAAN of Khakassia throughout the 1950s - 1980s constantly developed its material and technical base, while having a stable increase in its members. Besides, the Society became a center for the organization of military-applied sports, where spartakiads and competitions in military-applied sports were held on a regular basis: overcoming obstacle courses, forced marches, cross-country running with terrain orientation, ski racing patrols with shooting, swimming in uniforms with weapons, cable line guidance, figure driving a car and a motorcycle; 3) activities of voluntary defense organizations to train an effective reserve of personnel (uniting citizens regardless of social status, profession, gender and age) for the USSR Armed Forces became a unique Soviet project that started in the early 1920s. The analysis of positive results in the work of Khakassia's VSAAAN has an essential aspect that must be taken into account in the process of modern training of specialists for the Russian Army.

Providing the minimum amount of food necessary for the survival of people during the Great Patriotic War is an important research task that remains unstudied completely to this day in numerous rear regions of the USSR. Russian historiography for a long time considered the rationed supply system as the most successful way to solve the food issue in conditions of food shortages. The Vladimir and Ivanovo regions were traditionally the consuming regions of the country, and therefore the centralized distribution of food was especially important for the local population. In the course of the research, the author used party documents from the regional archives of the mentioned regions as well as sources of personal origin, which unambiguously point to the food issue as the main problem of all citizens who survived the war. The author identifies the main products that people were entitled to under the rationed supply system and shows the main irregularities in the process, as well as their impact on the local population. In particular, the documents of the local city and district committees contain a considerable number of questions asked in different years of the war to party instructors and party secretaries at meetings with workers and employees of enterprises and institutions in the region. The study of this topic makes it possible once again not only to state the severity of the food problem, but also, using the example of the studied regions, confirms the shortcomings of the card system that developed during the war, as well as the need for the local population and authorities to search for alternative sources to replenish the ration.

Introduction. The article analyzes the experience of creating and improving the system of material bonuses for Red Army soldiers and officers of the Red Army during the Civil War, the interwar period and during the Great Patriotic War. Materials and Methods. Collections of official documents, scientific literature, as well as sources of personal origin were used in the work. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency. The need to consider material bonuses in the context of the activities of state bodies to motivate the combat activities of military personnel led to the use of the historical-systemic method. Results. The study revealed a clear financial vertical from the central bodies of military administration (financial administration of the Red Army) through intermediate financial authorities in military formations to an individual soldier. Bonus money was issued at the choice of a serviceman either in banknotes or transferred non-cash to deposit books. Conclusions. It is stated that material bonuses have led to an increase in professional skills through the personal interest of military personnel in the results of combat and service activities.

The present work is based on the analysis of the schoolchildren competitive research papers submitted at the All-Russian Youth Vernadsky Conference in the period of time between 2005 and 2020; the article considers the ideas about the 1941–1945 Great Patriotic War of the generation coming into life in the 21st century. The content specificity of the schoolchildren research works devoted to the Great Patriotic War is defined by the fact that the young authors in search of truth seek to objectively comprehend the realities of the past and to ascertain the veracity of the fact. It is worth noting that the heroes of the schoolchildren papers are ordinary people, often without formal recognition, and that is the reason why their documents have not been taken into the archives yet. At the opening of the exhibition “Man and War”, the Chairman of the Russian Historical Society Sergei Naryshkin stressed that the history of the Soviet people’s heroism is transmitted through the frontline letters, photographs, family reminiscences, personal belongings. It is on these sources that young researchers learn the history of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The author of the article concludes that the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War is preserved in the people’s consciousness, and that it is possible to use the youth research as the sources of personal origin to study the issue of historical memory

The phenomenon of mass participation of Soviet women in the Great Patriotic War has no analogues in the history of world wars. Despite this, their contribution to the Victory was not immediately reflected in historiography and is still not sufficiently covered both in encyclopedic publications and in school textbooks, which determines the relevance of our study. The purpose of the work is to trace the development of scientific approaches to the study of the participation of Soviet women in the Great Patriotic War. The author uses methods of historiographic analysis, historiographic synthesis, and periodization. The study led to conclusion that in Soviet historiography the main emphasis was made on the leading role of the party in organizing the military service of women, on their heroism and military merits; works on certain categories of female military personnel did not add up to a complex picture. The only generalizing studies on the problem published during the Soviet period were the works by V.S. Murmantseva, based on archival materials. The turning point of the Soviet historiography was the documentary essay by S.A. Alexievich «War’s Unwomanly Face», where, based on oral history materials, a female perspective on the events of the Great Patriotic War was presented for the first time. At the turn of the 20th–21st centuries, when new scientific directions emerged – military-historical anthropology and military-historical psychology, established by E.S. Senyavskaya, – conditions are being created for deeper and more comprehensive study of the phenomenon of women in war. However, no general work devoted to the frontline everyday life of Soviet women soldiers has yet appeared, which makes the study of this problem promising in contemporary historical science.

For the first time in historical science, the main aspects of complex relations between prominent figures of Ukrainian history of the XIX century are clarified on the basis of sources of personal origin. - great artist Mykola Ge and politician Ivan Petrunkevych. The author concludes that the relationship of bright personalities illustrates the great social resonance around the ascetic activities of the opposition aristocratic front in the north of the Left Bank of Ukraine. M. Ge’s personal attitude to the Zemstvo Liberal Party of Northern Ukraine and its leader I. Petrunkevych is an obvious marker that testifies to the indifference of the advanced public to this current of the liberation movement in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century. For the first time in historical science, based on sources of personal origin, the main aspects of the complex relationship between prominent figures - the great artist Nikolai Ge and politician Ivan Petrunkevich - are clarified. The relationships of bright personalities illustrate the great social resonance around the ascetic activity of the opposition aristocratic front in the north of the Left Bank of Ukraine. M. Ge’s personal attitude to the Zemstvo Liberal Party of the Northern Left Bank and its leader I. Petrunkevych is an obvious marker, which testifies to the indifference of the advanced public to this current of the liberation movement in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century. Semantic analysis of historical sources shows that the contacts of M. Ge and I. Petrunkevych had a long history, which in the vast majority correlated with the Ukrainian period of life and work of both prominent personalities. Already at the stage of acquaintance in Italy, the first contradictions crystallized between the artist and the politician, which laid the foundations of a contradictory relationship. The greatest conflict was marked by the period when both activists worked in elected positions - deputies of the Borzniansky district zemstvo. The modern tax reform developed and initiated by I. Petrunkevych and his political allies, the main principles of which were the imperatives of solidarity and the progressive scale of taxation, turned out to be absolutely unacceptable for M. Ge, despite his fascination with O. Herzen’s philosophy and demonstrative manifestations of populism. Public discussions in the county zemstvo assembly significantly complicated the relationship between the two individuals, dividing them into different political camps, thus drawing a demarcation line in ideological preferences. And although the conflict did not hinder the further friendly relations between I. Petrunkevych and M. Ge, the unpleasant, emotional “sediment” that remained after the political struggle caused some discomfort in the relationship between the artist and the politician.

The proposed article deals with controversial problems such as the falsification of the Great Patriotic War, the preservation of modern youth historical memory and resistance with attempts to falsify the history of the war.
 The article presents the results of a study among modern young people about the knowledge of the history of the Great Patriotic War and the main directions of history falsification of the war. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the historical memory of modern youth about the Great Patriotic War. The study was carried out among students in grades 5-11 and students of the Faculty of History. As a consequence, we came to the conclusion that young people know the history of the Great Patriotic War at a low level, and the most susceptible to the influence of falsifiers of the history of the war.
 The main result of the study is methodological recommendations developed for lessons, ex-tracurricular activities, and optional courses for history teachers in order to increase the level of knowledge of the history of the Great Patriotic War and directions of falsification. The work also contains recommendations for the patriotic education of youth.

The article examines the features of the initial stage of the historiography of the Great Patriotic War, the tradi-tions of which were laid down in the 1930s and were directly related to the reformatting of historical science into an ideologically charged instrument of agitation and propaganda. As a result of the reforms of higher education in the 1920s and the repressions against scholars, the continuity of the academicprinciples of historical research was violat-ed, which led to a split in historical science. Those scholars who studied theevents in the modern and recent history of Russia and the USSR, including military history, found themselvesin a particularly difficult situation. Military history, which emerged as an independent direction in the 1920s, determined the topics and approaches to the analy-sis of the events of the Civil War, and later the Great Patriotic War. During the war years, acharacteristic of the stud-ies of the Great Patriotic War was their epic nature, focused on the description of the feat of the Soviet people. The conceptual model of the war was detailed in Stalin's speeches and replicated in academicworks and textbooks in the post-war period. Responding to the patriotic request of wartime, it retained its significance in the future, shaping the public consciousness and memory of the war of subsequent generations.