Abstract
Dianthin enzymes belong to ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) of type 1, i.e., they only consist of a catalytic domain and do not have a cell binding moiety. Dianthin-30 is very similar to saporin-S3 and saporin-S6, two RIPs often used to design targeted toxins for tumor therapy and already tested in some clinical trials. Nevertheless, dianthin enzymes also exhibit differences to saporin with regard to structure, efficacy, toxicity, immunogenicity and production by heterologous expression. Some of the distinctions might make dianthin more suitable for targeted tumor therapies than other RIPs. The present review provides an overview of the history of dianthin discovery and illuminates its structure, function and role in targeted toxins. It further discusses the option to increase the efficacy of dianthin by endosomal escape enhancers.
Highlights
Dianthin is the name for three homologous toxins obtained from the clove pink (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and sweet William (Dianthus barbatus L.)
The dianthin enzymes must not be confused with cyclic penta, hexa, and hepta-peptides isolated from fringed pink (Dianthus superbus L.) and rainbow pink (Dianthus chinensis L., Dianthus sinensis Link) designated as dianthin A and B [3], dianthin C, D, E, and F [4], dianthin G and H [5,6] and dianthin I [7,8]
The dianthin enzymes are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), which are N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22) that release a particular adenine from the 28S ribosomal RNA of eukaryotic ribosomes and inactivate protein biosynthesis [9,10]
Summary
Dianthin is the name for three homologous toxins obtained from the clove pink (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) and sweet William (Dianthus barbatus L.). It was first described by Stirpe and colleagues [1] who isolated two proteins, dianthin-30 and dianthin-32, from the leaves of. The dianthin enzymes must not be confused with cyclic penta-, hexa-, and hepta-peptides isolated from fringed pink (Dianthus superbus L.) and rainbow pink (Dianthus chinensis L., Dianthus sinensis Link) designated as dianthin A and B [3], dianthin C, D, E, and F [4], dianthin G and H [5,6] and dianthin I [7,8] These cyclic peptides are not part of this review. PAP, pokeweed antiviral protein; without suffix, the protein is obtained from leaves, suffixes -S and -R refer to seeds and roots as source material, respectively. 2 PD-S2, Phytolacca dioica L. ribosome-inactivating protein number 2 from seeds. 3 n. a., information not available
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