Abstract
Diamond electrodes have long been a well-known candidate in electrochemical analyte detection. Nano- and micro-level modifications on the diamond electrodes can lead to diverse analytical applications. Doping of crystalline diamond allows the fabrication of suitable electrodes towards specific analyte monitoring. In particular, boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been reported for metal ions, anions, biomolecules, drugs, beverage hazards, pesticides, organic molecules, dyes, growth stimulant, etc., with exceptional performance in discriminations. Therefore, numerous reviews on the diamond electrode-based sensory utilities towards the specified analyte quantifications were published by many researchers. However, reviews on the nanodiamond-based electrodes for metal ions and anions are still not readily available nowadays. To advance the development of diamond electrodes towards the detection of diverse metal ions and anions, it is essential to provide clear and focused information on the diamond electrode synthesis, structure, and electrical properties. This review provides indispensable information on the diamond-based electrodes towards the determination of metal ions and anions.
Highlights
Detection and quantification of hazardous pollutants, biomolecules, drugs, herbicides, metal ions, and anions are essential to maintaining environmental sustainability [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
Number of methods involving organic nanoprobes, covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), metal nanoparticles, hybrid nanomaterials, small molecules, and polymers were engaged in the quantitation of specific analytes [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
This report discussed diverse boron doping levels on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes (B/C = 0.1, 1, 2, and 3%) and revealed linear scan voltammetry (LSV) responses (scan range = −1.0 to 2.0 V; Ag/AgCl and Pt acted as the reference and counter electrodes in 0.1 M HClO4 )
Summary
Detection and quantification of hazardous pollutants, biomolecules, drugs, herbicides, metal ions, and anions are essential to maintaining environmental sustainability [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. Apart from the lack of information on the B-atom concentrations, this mPAD device showed excellent performance in terms of its applicability and LODs. Shortly after, Fauzillah et al reported utilization of AuNPs–BDD electrodes (B/C = 104 ppm; Ag/AgCl and Pt-wire act as referenced and counter electrodes, correspondingly, in 0.1 M HCl electrolyte) for quantitation of As3+ by anodic stripping voltammetry Cu2+ , the BDD electrode displayed a linear differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response (scan range = −0.1 to 0.8 V; Ag/AgCl and graphite rod as reference and counter electrodes in 0.6 M NaCl; scan rate = 10 mV s−1 ) from 10 μM–100 mM with an LOD of 10 μM. AuNPs in different sizes (22 nm and 30 nm, respectively) proposed the determination
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