Diameters of Arteries Supplying Horseshoe Kidneys and the Level They Branch off Their Parental Vessels: A CT-Angiographic Study.

Marcin Majos,Jakub Chrostowski,Agata Majos,Konrad Szymczyk,Ludomir Stefańczyk,Michał Polguj

doi:10.3390/jcm8040464

Abstract

Background: The most common renal fusion anomaly is horseshoe kidney (HSK), a condition associated with variable arterial blood supply. The aim of this study was to determine whether the height of origin of the renal artery determines its diameter and whether it differs from the mean diameter of the renal arteries of normal kidneys (NK). Methods: Computer tomography angiography (CTA) studies of 336 patients (88 HSK and 248 NK) were obtained in a search of renal arteries; these were than classified into four groups according to height of its origin: Group I, branching from the aorta superior to the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA); Group II, branching from the aorta below the IMA; Group III, branching from the iliac artery; and Group IV, originating from the internal and external iliac artery. Results: The HSK group included 398 arteries (mean diameter 4.30 mm) and the NK group 598 (5.52 mm) (p < 0.0001). In the HSK group, the mean diameters according to groups were: Group I, 4.54 mm; Group II, 4.28 mm; Group III, 3.41 mm; and Group IV, 3.43 mm. Statistically significant differences were found between arteries originating from the aorta and arteries branching from the iliac arteries (p < 0.0001). In the NK group, the corresponding values were: Group I, 5.53 mm; and Group II, 4.45 mm. The number of arteries supplying the HSK wider than 3.0 mm were: Group I, 83.0%; Group II, 82.4%; Group III, 68.4%; and Group IV, 66.6%. Conclusions: The renal arteries of the HSK branch from their parental vessels at lower levels and have smaller diameters than those of NK.

Highlights

The most common renal fusion anomaly is horseshoe kidney (HSK), a condition associated with variable arterial blood supply
To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has compared the diameter of the arteries supplying horseshoe kidneys and normal kidneys with the aim of verifying whether this parameter depends on the level at which they branch off from their parental vessels
This group of images were obtained from consecutive patients in whom computed tomography (CT) angiography (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA; kV 120, mA 10, mAs dynamic) of the abdominal aorta demonstrated horseshoe kidney (2006–2018) or normal kidney (2016–2017)

Summary

Introduction

The most common renal fusion anomaly is horseshoe kidney (HSK), a condition associated with variable arterial blood supply. Conclusions: The renal arteries of the HSK branch from their parental vessels at lower levels and have smaller diameters than those of NK. Horseshoe kidneys are one of the most common developmental renal malformations [1,2,3] Their atypical morphological structure seems to be associated with the considerable variability of the vascular system [4,5]. The arteries for horseshoe kidneys show markedly greater variability with regard to the levels at which they branch off from their parental vessels [1,2,5]. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has compared the diameter of the arteries supplying horseshoe kidneys and normal kidneys with the aim of verifying whether this parameter depends on the level at which they branch off from their parental vessels

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