Abstract
BackgroundThe role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) as a screening tool for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in African Americans (AAs) is unclear. We compared the diagnostic accuracy for CVD prevalence using the CAC score and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in an adult population of AAs.MethodsCAC was measured in 2944 participants AAs. Approximately 8% of this cohort had known CVD defined as prior myocardial infarction, stroke, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting and peripheral artery disease. Logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and net reclassification index (NRI) analysis were used adjusting for age, gender, systolic blood pressure (SBP), total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, smoking status, diabetes mellitus (DM), body mass index (BMI), blood pressure medication and statin use. Participants with prevalent clinical CVD and DM were classified as high FRS risk.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 60 years, 65% were females, 26% had DM, 50% were obese and 30% were current or former smokers. Prevalent CVD was associated with older age, higher SBP, lower HDL and total cholesterol, and higher CAC. The prevalence of CAC was 83% in participants with prevalent CVD and 45% in those without CVD. CAC was independently associated with prevalent CVD in our multivariable model [OR (95% CI): 1.22 (1.12–1.32), p< 0.0001]. In ROC analysis, CAC improved the diagnostic accuracy (c statistic) of the FRS from 0.617 to 0.757 (p < 0.0001) for prevalent CVD. Addition of CAC to FRS resulted in net reclassification improvement of 4% for subjects with known CVD and 28.5% in those without CVD.ConclusionIn AAs, CAC is independently associated with prevalent CVD and improves the diagnostic accuracy of FRS for prevalent CVD by 14%. Addition of CAC improves the NRI of those with prevalent CVD by 4% and the NRI of individuals without CVD by 28.5%. Determination of CAC may be useful in CVD risk stratification in AAs.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world [1]
Addition of CAC to Framingham Risk Score (FRS) resulted in net reclassification improvement of 4% for subjects with known cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 28.5% in those without CVD
In AAs, CAC is independently associated with prevalent CVD and improves the diagnostic accuracy of FRS for prevalent CVD by 14%
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world [1]. Atherosclerosis progresses from early to advanced lesions, with subtypes of plaque that are relatively stable and others that are more high-risk for acute coronary syndromes [2,3]. Population-based studies have in general supported racial differences in the prevalence of calcified atherosclerotic plaques and suggest that Caucasians may have more calcified plaque than African Americans [5,6,7]. The predictive ability of calcified atherosclerotic plaques for hard events and cardiovascular death for black and whites have been comparable [8]. The role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) as a screening tool for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in African Americans (AAs) is unclear. We compared the diagnostic accuracy for CVD prevalence using the CAC score and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in an adult population of AAs
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