Diagnostic Utility of Bone Marrow Aspiration, Trephine Biopsy, and Flow Cytometry in the Evaluation of Various Haematological and Non Haematological Disorders: A Cross-sectional Study from Northern India

Abstract

Introduction: The spectrum of haematological and non haematological disorders is vast in various age groups. Complete blood counts and other routine laboratory tests are not always sufficient to diagnose these diseases. Bone marrow examination plays an important role in diagnosing their underlying causes. Aim: To analyse the spectrum of various haematological and non haematological disorders reported in Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) and compare them with Bone Marrow Trephine Biopsy (BMB) and Flow Cytometry (FCM) findings where applicable. Materials and Methods: A one-year cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Clinical Pathology, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India from April 2022 to March 2023. A total of 518 consecutive BMA samples were morphologically analysed. Comparative evaluations were performed among BMA, BMB, and FCM where applicable. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated, and the findings of discordant cases were tabulated. Definitive diagnosis of lymphoma/leukaemia and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria (PNH) cases were made using FCM. Results: The patients’ ages ranged from three months to 86 years, with a mean age of 38.4 years. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1, with a slight male predominance. The highest number of cases were of anaemia {183 (35.3%) and 164 (31.7%), respectively} and leukaemia {128 (24.7%) and 134 (25.9%), respectively}, followed by normal marrow studies {39 (7.5%) and 32 (6.2%), respectively} and megakaryocytic thrombocytopenia {24 (4.6% in each} in both BMA and biopsy. Among anaemia cases {183 and 164 cases in BMA and BMB}, the majority were of the megaloblastic type {62 (33.8%) and 54 (32.9%), respectively}, followed by hypoplastic/aplastic type {40 (21.8%) and 50 (30.5%), respectively}. In cases of leukaemia (128 and 134 cases in BMA and BMB), acute leukaemia cases (76 (59.4%) and 82 (61.2%), respectively} outnumbered chronic leukaemia cases {52 (40.6%) and 52 (38.8%), respectively} in both BMA and BMB. The concordance and discordance rate between BMA and BMB were 87.6% (419 cases) and 12.4% (59 cases), respectively. Diagnosis was exclusively made by BMB in cases of myelofibrosis, granulomatous disease, and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Conclusion: BMA cytology is a relatively safe and mildly invasive technique for evaluating various haematological and non haematological disorders with better preservation of cellular morphology. However, in cases with dry/blood taps and focal marrow involvement, BMB should be performed, as it shows well-preserved marrow architecture with all its cellular and stromal components. FCM is a definitive diagnostic modality for further categorisation of acute leukaemia and Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorders (CLPD).