Diagnostic processes in mental health: GPs and psychiatrists reading from the same book but on a different page

Abstract

To explore the clinical reasoning processes underpinning diagnostic and management decision-making in treating patients presenting with psychological distress in general practice. Practising GPs were invited to attend small-group workshops in which two case histories were presented. Discussion was GP-facilitated and recorded for thematic analysis. GPs provided demographic data, completed personality and attitudinal questionnaires, and answered a series of multiple-choice questions embedded in the cases. GPs recognize the possibility of psychiatric disorders early in the clinical reasoning process, but are cautious about applying definitive diagnoses. GPs perceive that patients may be resistant to a psychiatric diagnosis and instead emphasize the need to build rapport and explore and exclude physical comorbidities. GPs see patients with a broad spectrum of distress, illness and impairment, in whom the initial presentation of psychological symptoms is often poorly differentiated and somatically focused, requiring elucidation over time. GPs therefore adopt a longitudinal strategy for diagnosis rather than investing heavily in cross-sectional assessment. GPs appear cognizant of possible psychiatric disorders and management strategies, but employ diagnostic strategies and decision-making processes that, in addition to experience and expertise, likely reflect key differences between the primary care and specialist practice settings.