Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a disease that is highly associated with the latent infection of Epstein–Barr virus. The absence of obvious clinical signs at the early stage of the disease has made early diagnosis practically impossible, thereby promoting the establishment and progression of the disease. To enhance the stride for a reliable and less invasive tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC, we synopsize biomarkers belonging to the two most implicated biological domains (oncogenes and tumor suppressors) in NPC disease. Since no single biomarker is sufficient for diagnosis and prognosis, coupled with the fact that the known established methods such as methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), multiplex methylation-specific PCR, microarray assays, etc., can only accommodate a few biomarkers, we propose a 10-biomarker panel (KIT, LMP1, PIKC3A, miR-141, and miR-18a/b (oncogenic) and p16, RASSF1A, DAP-kinase, miR-9, and miR-26a (tumor suppressors)) based on their diagnostic and prognostic values. This marker set could be explored in a multilevel or single unified assay for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC. If carefully harnessed and standardized, it is hoped that the proposed marker set would help transform the diagnostic and prognostic realm of NPC, and ultimately, help prevent the life-threatening late-stage NPC disease.
Highlights
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant, undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma, which is highly associated with latent infection of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) [1]
Several studies have proposed that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 3p, 9p, 11q, and 13q regions are an early event for tumorigenesis in NPC [26,27,28,29]
The study found that combined analyses of 10 methylation markers (RASSF1A, DAPK, ITGA9, p16, WNT7A, CHFR, CYB5R2, WIF1, RIZ1, FSTL1) and two EBV markers (EBNA1 and LMP1) provided good discrimination between NPC and NPC control tissues with a detection rate of 91% in biopsies with 90% specificity [44]
Summary
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant, undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma, which is highly associated with latent infection of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) [1]. Tests with low sensitivity could give rise to false-negative results, leading to early stage is quite challenging due to its deep location and lack of obvious clinical signs at an early missed diagnosis, and ,there promotion of disease progression. Onhistopathological the other hand, false-positive provides a good cue, nasopharyngeal endoscopy accompanied examination of resultslesions can ensue from tests with low specificity, amounting to unnecessary nasoendoscopies, biopsy suspected remains the gold standard method for NPC diagnosis [10] This method collection, and follow-up visits [9]. Given that tumorigenesis is a complex process stimulated by many factors, including environment This method is mainly applicable for suspected NPC patients and unsuitable for early (work hazard, physical exposure, microorganisms, etc.), genetics, and epigenetics [11], a multifaceted diagnosis, especially in asymptomatic patients. Nasopharyngeal; M&T:M&T: carcinoma using oncogenic and biomarkers.NP: NP: mouth throat; PBMCs: peripheralblood blood mononuclear mononuclear cells; methylation-specific mouth and and throat; peripheral cells;MS-PCR: MS-PCR: methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR); MMS-PCR: multiplex methylation-specific PCR; MS-HRM: methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting; qPCR: real-time PCR; EBV: Epstein–Barr virus
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