Diagnosis of probable psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in the outpatient clinic: Does gender matter?

Abstract

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) are paroxysmal events of altered behavior that outwardly resemble epilepsy but are caused by psychiatric disease. The diagnosis of probable PNESs can be made in the outpatient clinic prior to video-EEG monitoring by identification of specific PNES predictors and specific elements of seizure semiology from the clinical history. Since psychiatric disease may have distinct mechanisms between women and men, the objective of this study was to determine if gender-specific differences exist in PNES predictors and PNES semiology. Such differences could be used to optimize the accuracy of outpatient diagnosis of probable PNESs. Medical records of male and female patients with video-EEG diagnosis of definite PNESs were retrospectively reviewed for occurrence of PNES predictors. In addition, PNES semiology was analyzed de novo from video-EEG records and categorized into previously established semiology clusters. Eighty-six patients were included in the analysis (59 women and 27 men). We found significantly lower rates of reported physical and sexual abuse, lower rates of previous psychiatric diagnosis, and lower rates of chronic pain in male patients with no significant differences in rates of other PNES predictors. Furthermore, we found no difference in PNES semiology between men and women, with both groups experiencing similar rates of major motor, minor motor, and nonmotor semiology. In conclusion, our results lend support to the idea that distinct risk factor criteria but similar semiology criteria should be used for the diagnosis of probable PNESs in the outpatient clinic in men and women.