Diagnosis of Obesity Using Anthropometric Indices in Urban Populations: Brazilian Perspectives

Abstract

There is a consensus in the literature that the etiology of obesity is multifactorial, caused by interaction of several factors. The parameter used for diagnosis is established by the WHO and defined by the body mass index (BMI), obtained by calculating the ratio between body weight (kg) and square of the height (m2). An adult is considered obese when for BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2. In Brazil, an increase in obesity has been observed in all regions, especially in the South and Southeast regions, and more in urban than rural areas. This evolution is concomitant to a nutritional transition process, showing great change in the Brazilian diet pattern. Decrease in malnutrition and increase in obesity in adults were identified when two national surveys were compared: The National Study on Family Expenses [Estudo Nacional sobre Despesas Familiares] (1974/1975) and the National Health and Nutrition Survey [Pesquisa Nacional de Saude e Nutricao] (1989). The evolution of obesity in Brazil took place in a relatively short time, and controlling it became a priority in the country public health policies. Among the several factors that determine obesity, are urbanization, which has changed diet patterns; sedentary lifestyle, which has contributed to weight excess; and a change in nutritional indicators. Hence changes in diet patterns indicate urgency in directing health and nutrition policies towards minimizing the problem of obesity in adults in Brazil.