Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related human spongiform encephalopathies

Abstract

Spongiform encephalopathies are transmissible diseases (TSE) of animals and humans. With the appearance of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in 1986 and in 1996 with the identification of an apparently new variant of the human spongiform encephalopathy Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), great concerns of a potential transmission of BSE to humans have been voiced. The agent known to transmit CJD and other human and animal spongiform encephalopathies is designated as prion, i.e., proteinaceous infectious agent, due to the absence of evidence for the involvement of a nucleic acid in disease transmission. In humans the clinical diagnosis of typical CJD cases can now be supported by paraclinical parameters. Electroencephalographic changes, so called periodic sharp wave complexes, are pathognomonic for CJD but by no means specific. The detection of neuronal enzymes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) such as neuron specific enolase (NSE) or glial proteins such as S-100 aids greatly in the diagnosis of a human spongiform encephalopathy. By far the most specific marker in CSF are a group of proteins designated 14-3-3. Current evidence suggests that by including elevated levels of NSE (> or = 35 ng/mL), S-100 (> or = 8 ng/mL) and tau protein in the CSF and the presence of 14-3-3, a laboratory supported diagnosis of CJD can be achieved which in the appropriate clinical setting has a better diagnostic accuracy than the currently used clinical and paraclinical diagnostic criteria alone.