Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequently seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease and amongst others include depression, anxiety, apathy, psychosis and addictive behaviours, collectively termed as impulse control disorders. While depression, anxiety and apathy can occur at any stages of the disease and often precedes motor symptoms, impulse control disorders, such as gambling disorder, compulsive sexual behaviour, compulsive shopping and binge eating are typically caused by dopaminergic drugs, especially dopamine agonists. Psychotic symptoms often manifest as visual hallucinations and are triggered by a complex interaction of medication and preexisting cognitive impairment.
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