Diagnosis and analysis of HIV-1 with different methods

Abstract

Early detection and continuous monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. To ensure successful early ART application onto patients in early stages, methods of HIV-1 detection in premature HIV accumulation stages are important to prevent the accumulation of HIV-1 viral molecules after replication. At the same time, biomarkers such as CARD8 and TAT proteins are an important the early identification and monitoring mechanism of HIV-1 infection. These biomarkers are the building blocks of a successful biosensor and they can provide key insights into disease progression and treatment efficacy. This research provides an extensive review of HIV-1 biomarkers and potential carbon-based biosensing mediums such as carbon dot sensors and carbon nanotube sensors in order to detect HIV-1 viral detection after surface modification with a focus on their implications for early detection and monitoring.