Diagnosing and treating pericardial disease in dogs and cats

Abstract

Background: Pericardial disease accounts for approximately 10 per cent of all cardiac referrals. It is seen in all species, but is most commonly diagnosed in dogs and occasionally in cats. Pericardial disease comprises both acquired and congenital conditions, of which pericardial effusion (PE) associated with acquired disease is most common. PEs are most frequently either idiopathic or secondary to neoplasia, although other causes such as left atrial tear (secondary to myxomatous valvular disease), infectious pericarditis, an extension of congestive heart failure (CHF) and secondary to trauma are all possible causes. Congenital pericardial disease is rare, but includes peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia, benign intrapericardial cysts and pericardial defects. This rare and small group of congenital conditions are important, as prompt recognition and management usually infers an excellent prognosis. Where there is sufficient volume within the pericardial sac, intrapericardial pressure can rise, leading to cardiac tamponade and signs of right‐sided CHF (R‐CHF) and low cardiac output. Importantly, management of R‐CHF in cases of pericardial disease requires a completely different approach to other diseases causing R‐CHF.Aim of the article: This article reviews the most common conditions that cause PE, common clinical signs and appropriate management strategies.