Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is present in more than 165 million individuals worldwide and has increasingly become a significant health concern, especially regarding vascular and cardiac disease [1]. By the year 2030, it is predicted that more than 360 million individuals will be afflicted with DM. At least 80% of all diabetics have Type 2 DM, which is increasing in incidence as a result of changes in human behavior that relate to diet and daily exercise. Although Type 1 insulin-dependent DM accounts for only 5–10% of all diabetics, it is increasing in adolescent minority groups. Of potentially greater concern is the incidence of undiagnosed diabetes, which consists of impaired glucose tolerance and fluctuations in serum glucose that can increase the risk for the development of DM. Both acute and long-term complications of Type 1 and Type 2 DM can result in complications of the vascular and cardiac systems. For example, DM can impair vascular integrity and alter cardiac output that eventually diminishes the capacity of sensitive cognitive regions of the brain, leading to functional impairment and dementia [2,3].
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