Diabetic cardiomyopathy: How can cardiac magnetic resonance help?

Abstract

Diabetes cardiomyopathy is a specific form of cardiac disease characteristic for diabetic patients. Development of echocardiography enabled diagnosis of diabetic cardiomyopathy significantly before the occurrence of heart failure. Previously was believed that left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction represents the first detectable stage of diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, speckle tracking imaging and strain evaluation showed that mechanical changes occur before LV diastolic dysfunction. Nevertheless, it seems that the first detectable stage of diabetic cardiomyopathy is myocardial interstitial fibrosis, which currently could be diagnosed predominantly by cardiac magnetic resonance. T1 mapping evaluation before and after contrast injection enables assessment of extracellular volume (ECV) and provides qualitative and quantitative assessment of interstitial myocardial fibrosis in diabetic patients. Studies showed a strong correlation between ECV-parameter of interstitial fibrosis and level of glycated hemoglobin-main parameter of glucose control in diabetes. This stage of fibrosis is still not LV hypertrophy and it is reversible, which is of a great importance because of timely initiation of treatment. The necessity for early diagnose is significantly increasing due to the fact that diabetes and arterial hypertension are concomitant disorders in the large number of diabetic patients and it has been known that the risk of interstitial myocardial fibrosis is multiplied in patients with both conditions. Future follow-up investigations are essential to determine the causal relationship between interstitial fibrosis and outcome in these patients. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge and clinical usefulness of CMR in diabetic patients.