Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have increased bone fragility due to deteriorating bone quality. Several cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical studies showed that the elevated serum and urinary pentosidine levels are associated with fracture risk independent of bone mineral density, suggesting that pentosidine is one of the possible candidate markers to predict fracture risk in diabetic patients. Other candidates are endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end-products (esRAGE), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), osteocalcin (OC)/bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) ratio and the condition of relatively low parathyroid hormone levels and low OC levels. However, further examinations are needed to establish whether these markers would be applicable to assess fracture risks.
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