Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases spread all over the world, which results in hyperglycemia caused by the breakdown of insulin secretion or insulin action or both. Diabetes has been reported to disrupt the functions and dynamics of mitochondria, which play a fundamental role in regulating metabolic pathways and are crucial to maintain appropriate energy balance. Similar to mitochondria, the functions and the abilities of stem cells are attenuated under diabetic condition in several tissues. In recent years, several studies have suggested that the regulation of mitochondria functions and dynamics is critical for the precise differentiation of stem cells. Importantly, physical exercise is very useful for preventing the diabetic alteration by improving the functions of both mitochondria and stem cells. In the present review, we provide an overview of the diabetic alterations of mitochondria and stem cells and the preventive effects of physical exercise on diabetes, focused on skeletal muscle and the nervous system. We propose physical exercise as a countermeasure for the dysfunction of mitochondria and stem cells in several target tissues under diabetes complication and to improve the physiological function of patients with diabetes, resulting in their quality of life being maintained.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide, and the number of patients with DM has continued to increase in recent years
The number and differentiation ability of satellite cells are decreased in diabetic skeletal muscle, which may be induced by the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and/or inactivation of the notch and Wnt signaling pathways
Because some reports indicate that precise differentiation of muscle and neural stem cells is controlled by mitochondrial function, the disturbances of myogenesis and neurogenesis may be induced by mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide, and the number of patients with DM has continued to increase in recent years. Mitochondria and stem cell dysfunctions are among the multiple factors that can cause disturbances to the skeletal muscle and nervous system function in DM. The neurogenesis of NSCs is impaired in DM because of decreased expression of the transcription factor NeuroD1 [32,33] These mitochondrial and stem cell dysfunctions may disrupt cell homeostasis, resulting in the disturbance of skeletal muscle and the brain function in DM. Precise mitochondrial function regulates the differentiation of NSCs in the adult hippocampus [37] This crosstalk between mitochondria and stem cells may underlie the functional alterations in skeletal muscle and the nervous system under the diabetic condition. Based on the current body of knowledge, we propose physical exercise as a countermeasure for the diabetic complications in skeletal muscle and the brain
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