Abstract
Hyperglycemia has been the primary metabolic condition for the origin of diabetic complications. The glucose in the cell is underutilized due to diminished entry of glucose into the cell and down-regulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. The PPP is the potential pathway in maintaining the defense of the cell through GPx, GR, GSH, and GSSG. Particularly, GPx and GSH levels diminish in diabetes. Constipation in diabetes also plays an important role in decreasing the immune system as the excess glucose in the gut lining enhances the number of gut bacteria and fungi. Antioxidants have not been proved to enhance the immune and defense of cells in diabetes but the exhibitory roles of herbal medicines have been potential in exaggerating the immune and defense system by their unknown modulators and enhancers molecules. Turmeric and black pepper have been proven to enhance the immune and defense of the body in diabetics.
Highlights
Hyperglycaemia, the excess glucose levels, is the main upheaval for altering the metabolic functionaries inside the cell
The body resists the excess fats and proteins but cannot resist the excess glucose prolonging to make the blood viscose, a restriction in the blood flow, which results in stress for the heart to pump out the blood for circulation [1,2,3]
The glucose toxicity in diabetes is well documented and explained [4], with the generation of free radicals and their products [5], generation of Amadori products during the process of glycation [6], a decrease in defense and immune system [7], are such primary determinants responsible for causing diabetic complications otherwise diabetics cannot die before scheduled age [8]
Summary
Hyperglycaemia, the excess glucose levels, is the main upheaval for altering the metabolic functionaries inside the cell. The glucose toxicity in diabetes is well documented and explained [4], with the generation of free radicals and their products [5], generation of Amadori products during the process of glycation [6], a decrease in defense and immune system [7], are such primary determinants responsible for causing diabetic complications otherwise diabetics cannot die before scheduled age [8] These processes of generation make each and every tissue becoming fragile especially the red blood cells and neural networks [3,9]. Review Article enzymes are glycated, the pathway gets downregulated resulting in underutilization of glucose [14]
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