Diabetes and Physical Activity

Jameela Banu

doi:10.15226/2374-6890/3/1/00140

Abstract

Diabetes has been on the rise globally. Although many factors contribute to the increasing risk and manifestation of this disease lack and decreased physical activity/ exercise stands out as one of the major factors. Treatment interventions for prediabetic and diabetic patients include diet and lifestyle changes with enhanced physical activity/ exercise. Several types of physical activity are available for these patients but, recommendations have to be made on an individual basis after giving due consideration to the co morbidities and other risks and barriers. Implementation of progressive resistance therapy may be successful in maintaining glucose homeostasis in diabetic patients.

Highlights

There is an increase in the number of individuals diagnosed with diabetes- A medical disorder associated with an imbalance in glucose homeostasis
This review focuses on the various factors and mechanisms that are affected by diabetes and physical activity
This results in a buildup of high reducing equivalents in energy metabolism, leading to the accumulation of acetyl-CoA, ceramides, and diacylglycerols which correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and altered insulin cascades [58]

Summary

Introduction

There is an increase in the number of individuals diagnosed with diabetes- A medical disorder associated with an imbalance in glucose homeostasis. Higher levels of reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) production from the Tricarboxylic Cycle (TCA) and β oxidation are reported from muscle cells of T2DM patients [57] This results in a buildup of high reducing equivalents in energy metabolism, leading to the accumulation of acetyl-CoA, ceramides, and diacylglycerols which correlate with IR and altered insulin cascades [58]. Mice treated with intermittent OC injections displayed more mitochondria in their skeletal muscles and increased energy utilization They were protected from diet-induced obesity, improved glucose handling, prevented the development of T2DM, and liver steatosis [76]. This is reported to increase muscle mass in middle-aged and elderly [101] Both aerobic EX and REX are associated with decreased risk of T2DM. T2DM: In insulin resistant middle-aged men, aerobic EX decreased muscle and plasma myostatin and this strongly correlated with insulin sensitivity and diabetic patients [148]. When interventional methods are recommended, a combination of several factors such as intensity of EX and co-morbidities including CVD, stroke, etc. should be taken into consideration

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