Abstract
A rise in plasma triacylglycerol levels is a common physiological occurrence during late gestation and excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) has been shown to impair lipid metabolism. Based on those observations, we investigated whether the administration of dexamethasone during the late gestational period could exacerbate this pregnancy associated hypertriacylglycerolemia in rats. For this, female Wistar rats were treated with dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg of body mass in the drinking water on days 14–19 of pregnancy; DP group) or equivalent days in the virgin rats (DV group). Untreated pregnant rats (control pregnant group) and age-matched virgin rats (control virgin group) were used as controls. Functional, biochemical, and molecular analyses were carried out after treatment with GC and in the control groups. Euthanasia was performed on day 20 of pregnancy. The metabolic parameters of the mothers (dams) at the time of weaning and 6 months later, as well as newborn survival, were evaluated. We observed that neither dexamethasone nor pregnancy affected blood glucose or glucose tolerance. Hypertriacylglycerolemia associated with lipid intolerance or reduced hepatic triacylglycerol clearance was observed during the late gestational period. GC treatment caused a further increase in basal plasma triacylglycerol levels, but did not have a significant effect on lipid tolerance and hepatic triacylglycerol clearance in pregnant rats. GC, but not pregnancy, caused few significant changes in mRNA expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Dexamethasone during pregnancy had no impact on lipid metabolism later in the dams’ life; however, it led to intra-uterine growth restriction and reduced pup survival rate. In conclusion, GC exposure during the late gestational period in rats has no major impact on maternal lipid homeostasis, soon after parturition at weaning, or later in the dams’ life, but GC exposure is deleterious to the newborn when high doses are administered at late gestation. These data highlight the importance of performing an individualized and rigorous control of a GC treatment during late pregnancy considering its harmful impact on the fetuses’ health.
Highlights
The first two-thirds of gestation are characterized by an anabolic condition that includes hyperphagic behavior, which provides energy for optimal embryo/fetus development (Zeng et al, 2017)
GC exposure during the late gestational period in rats has no major impact on maternal lipid homeostasis, soon after parturition at weaning, or later in the dams’ life, but GC exposure is deleterious to the newborn when high doses are administered at late gestation
This anabolic phase shifts to a catabolic state in the last third of gestation in order to sustain a faster fetal growth (Herrera and Ortega-Senovilla, 2014). This last period is characterized by a rise in plasma triacylglycerol as a result of various mechanisms that include: (i) an increased breakdown of lipid stores that exports more non-esterified free fatty acids into circulation (Alvarez et al, 1996; Catalano et al, 2006), (ii) a reduction in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in peripheral tissues resulting in decreased triacylglycerol clearance from circulating lipoproteins (Alvarez et al, 1996), and (iii) increased production and release of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL; Knopp and Zhu, 1997)
Summary
The first two-thirds of gestation are characterized by an anabolic condition that includes hyperphagic behavior, which provides energy for optimal embryo/fetus development (Zeng et al, 2017). This anabolic phase shifts to a catabolic state in the last third of gestation in order to sustain a faster fetal growth (Herrera and Ortega-Senovilla, 2014) This last period is characterized by a rise in plasma triacylglycerol as a result of various mechanisms that include: (i) an increased breakdown of lipid stores that exports more non-esterified free fatty acids into circulation (Alvarez et al, 1996; Catalano et al, 2006), (ii) a reduction in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in peripheral tissues resulting in decreased triacylglycerol clearance from circulating lipoproteins (Alvarez et al, 1996), and (iii) increased production and release of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL; Knopp and Zhu, 1997). Abnormal elevations in triacylglycerol levels during late gestation commonly correlate with excess weight and obesity (Farias et al., 2016), sedentarism (Monda et al, 2009), smoking (Gastaldelli et al, 2010), vitamin D deficiency (Basaranoglu et al, 2017), and use of some medications (i.e., beta blockers, valproate, and sertraline; Wild et al, 2016) in mothers
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