Abstract
Device-to-device (D2D) communications are recognized as a key enabler of future cellular networks, which will help to drive improvements in spectral efficiency and assist with the offload of network traffic. Relay-assisted D2D communications will be essential when there is an extended distance between the source and the destination or when the transmit power is constrained below a certain level. Although a number of works on relay-assisted D2D communications have been presented in the literature, most of those assume that relay nodes cooperate unequivocally. In reality, this cannot be assumed, since there is little incentive to cooperate without a guarantee of future reciprocal behavior. To incorporate the social behavior of D2D nodes, we consider the decision to relay using the donation game based on social comparison, characterize the probability of cooperation in an evolutionary context and then evaluate the network performance of relay-assisted D2D communications. Through numerical evaluations, we investigate the performance gap between the ideal case of 100% cooperation and practical scenarios with a lower cooperation probability. It shows that practical scenarios achieve lower transmission capacity and higher outage probability than idealistic network views, which assume full cooperation. After a sufficient number of generations, however, the cooperation probability follows the natural rules of evolution and the transmission performance of practical scenarios approach that of the full cooperation case, indicating that all D2D relay nodes adapt the same dominant cooperative strategy based on social comparison, without the need for external enforcement.
Highlights
D EVICE-TO-DEVICE (D2D) communications are regarded as a central component to the design and commission of future cellular networks [1]
After a sufficient number of generations, the cooperation probability follows the natural rules of evolution and the transmission performance of practical scenarios approach that of the full cooperation case, indicating that all D2D relay nodes adapt the same dominant cooperative strategy based on social comparison, without the need for external enforcement
In this paper, we have considered a relay assisted D2D network, where the spatial locations of the D2D user equipments (UEs) are modeled as homogeneous Poisson point process (PPP)
Summary
D EVICE-TO-DEVICE (D2D) communications are regarded as a central component to the design and commission of future cellular networks [1]. Stochastic geometry assumes that the locations of the wireless nodes can be modeled as a spatial point process [15]. In [22], the authors have compared two D2D spectrum sharing schemes (overlay and underlay) and evaluated the achievable rates for PPP distributed UEs over a Rayleigh fading channel. This was later extended to cover more general fading channels in [23]. In [24] truncated channel inversion based power control has been proposed for underlay D2D networks
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