Abstract
Every electric power engineer has some familiarity with electrical faults and technologies for fault mitigation. The basic problem presented itself to the earliest workers in electric technology, and the basic solutions have been present essentially from the beginning, and many are used with great effect to this day. In some applications where essentially the same protections are required in millions of instances per year, very cost-effective solutions are common. Mainstream automobiles (i.e., setting aside for the moment battery-electric and hybrid-electric vehicles), for example, are largely protected by simple electrical fuses, which are technically effective at very low cost. Residential electrical systems at one time used fuses, too, but these have mostly been supplanted by resettable electromechanical circuit breakers.
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