Abstract
Nowadays only a small number of governments can afford to spend money in the billions from their budgets to replace their surface–to–air defence systems. One of the reasons is the financial crises of the last decade that swept the world, but it is not the only one. Many governments decided to operate their outdated systems and try to improve their present capabilities, instead of obtaining newer ones. And to be honest, currently in Europe no countries have to be frightened or threatened by their neighbours. That is why they think it is enough to improve their existing systems — given adequate defence — rather than buying expensive new ones. On the other hand, it is less expensive to utilize soldiers who are currently trained to operate these types of equipment, than to teach them the operation of new types of equipment.
Highlights
The whole SA–6 air defence missile system was improved by Soviet engineers during the Cold War era of the 1960s
The SA–6 system can be modernised at the same time with the same missile” [2: 110] Picture 2 shows the parameters of different types of air defence systems
This article wanted to give the reader a general picture about the development of SA–6 sys- tems in some countries, especially in Hungarian GBAD29, which has been performed during the last one and a half decades
Summary
The whole SA–6 air defence missile system was improved by Soviet engineers during the Cold War era of the 1960s. The first impressions were given to the world during the Yom Kippur conflict of 1973. Pilots gave it the nickname “three fingers of death” out of respect for the entire system. [1] Those countries had some different expectations and that is why so many variants of the original system exist all around the world. The SA–6 systems spread within the Warsaw Pact countries, in Africa and in Asia as well. The developments of these tend to vary. One of these occurred during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003, when a most interesting “in- digenous hybridisation of the 3M9 SAM2 round with a seeker section from the Molniya/Vym- pel R–60 / AA–8 Aphid heat seeking air–to–air missile” [1: 45] was found (see Picture 1)
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