Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls or methylmercury, but not to its combination, impairs the glutamate–nitric oxide–cyclic GMP pathway and learning in 3-month-old rats

Abstract

Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or methylmercury (MeHg) contaminated food may affect brain development, leading to long-term alterations in cognitive function. Both types of contaminants, PCBs and MeHg, are often found together contaminating food, especially fish in some polluted areas. Exposure to combinations of neurotoxicants may exert different effects on the developing nervous system than exposure to individual contaminants. Developmental exposure (during pregnancy and lactation) to PCB126 or PCB153 impairs learning ability when the rats are 3 months old. Impairment of learning seems to be a consequence of impairment of the function of the glutamate–nitric oxide (NO)–cGMP pathway in brain in vivo. The aims of the present work were 1) to assess whether perinatal exposure to MeHg also affects the function of the glutamate–NO–cGMP pathway in brain in vivo analyzed by in vivo brain microdialysis and/or the ability to learn the Y maze task when the rats are 3 months old, and 2) to assess whether perinatal exposure to combinations of MeHg with PCB153 or PCB126 potentiates, decreases or does not modify the effects of the individual neurotoxicants. Perinatal exposure to PCB126, PCB153 or MeHg impaired the function of the glutamate–NO–cGMP pathway in cerebellum and learning ability. However, co-exposure to PCB126+MeHg or PCB153+MeHg inhibits the impairment of the pathway or learning ability. These results support that the function of this pathway modulates learning of the Y maze task. Moreover, they show that co-exposure to these PCBs and MeHg does not exacerbate, but reduces the effects on the ability to learn this task.